The M.U.S.T. Pedicle screw system is intended for posterior non-cervical pedicle fixation (T1-S2/ilium) and non-pedicle fixation, or anterolateral fixation (T8-L5). These devices are indicated as an adjunct to fusion for all of the following indications: degenerative disc disease (defined as back pain of discogenic origin with degeneration of the disc confirmed by history and radiographic studies); spondylolisthesis; trauma (i.e., fracture or dislocation); spinal stenosis; curvatures (i.e., scoliosis, kyphosis, and/or lordosis); tumor; pseudoarthrosis; and failed previous fusion in skeletally mature patients.
Device Story
M.U.S.T. Pedicle Screw System - Extension is a spinal fixation system comprising various implants: lateral/coaxial lateral/rod-to-rod connectors, hooks, cross-connectors, S2AI screws (with/without HA coating), and pre-contoured rods. Used in surgical settings by physicians for spinal stabilization. Implants are provided sterile, single-use. System provides mechanical support to the spine as an adjunct to fusion. Clinical decision-making is supported by radiographic confirmation of spinal pathology. Benefits include stabilization of spinal segments to facilitate fusion in patients with degenerative, traumatic, or structural spinal conditions.
Clinical Evidence
No clinical studies were conducted. Substantial equivalence is supported by non-clinical bench testing, including design validation, static/dynamic compression and torsion testing (ASTM F1717), axial gripping tests (ASTM F1798), and dynamic four-point bending (ASTM F2193).
Technological Characteristics
Implants made of Ti6Al4V or CoCrMo. S2AI screws available with/without HA coating. System includes connectors, hooks, and pre-contoured rods for Ø5.5 or Ø6.0 mm rods. Mechanical testing performed per ASTM F1717, F1798, and F2193. Sterilized, single-use, sterile-packed. No software or electronic components.
Indications for Use
Indicated for skeletally mature patients requiring posterior non-cervical pedicle fixation (T1-S2/ilium), non-pedicle fixation, or anterolateral fixation (T8-L5) as an adjunct to fusion for degenerative disc disease, spondylolisthesis, trauma (fracture/dislocation), spinal stenosis, spinal curvatures (scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis), tumor, pseudoarthrosis, and failed previous fusion.
Regulatory Classification
Identification
(1) Rigid pedicle screw systems are comprised of multiple components, made from a variety of materials that allow the surgeon to build an implant system to fit the patient's anatomical and physiological requirements. Such a spinal implant assembly consists of a combination of screws, longitudinal members (e.g., plates, rods including dual diameter rods, plate/rod combinations), transverse or cross connectors, and interconnection mechanisms (e.g., rod-to-rod connectors, offset connectors).(2) Semi-rigid systems are defined as systems that contain one or more of the following features (including but not limited to): Non-uniform longitudinal elements, or features that allow more motion or flexibility compared to rigid systems.
Special Controls
*Classification.* (1) Class II (special controls), when intended to provide immobilization and stabilization of spinal segments in skeletally mature patients as an adjunct to fusion in the treatment of the following acute and chronic instabilities or deformities of the thoracic, lumbar, and sacral spine: severe spondylolisthesis (grades 3 and 4) of the L5-S1 vertebra; degenerative spondylolisthesis with objective evidence of neurologic impairment; fracture; dislocation; scoliosis; kyphosis; spinal tumor; and failed previous fusion (pseudarthrosis). These pedicle screw spinal systems must comply with the following special controls:(i) Compliance with material standards;
(ii) Compliance with mechanical testing standards;
(iii) Compliance with biocompatibility standards; and
(iv) Labeling that contains these two statements in addition to other appropriate labeling information:
“Warning: The safety and effectiveness of pedicle screw spinal systems have been established only for spinal conditions with significant mechanical instability or deformity requiring fusion with instrumentation. These conditions are significant mechanical instability or deformity of the thoracic, lumbar, and sacral spine secondary to severe spondylolisthesis (grades 3 and 4) of the L5-S1 vertebra, degenerative spondylolisthesis with objective evidence of neurologic impairment, fracture, dislocation, scoliosis, kyphosis, spinal tumor, and failed previous fusion (pseudarthrosis). The safety and effectiveness of these devices for any other conditions are unknown.”
“Precaution: The implantation of pedicle screw spinal systems should be performed only by experienced spinal surgeons with specific training in the use of this pedicle screw spinal system because this is a technically demanding procedure presenting a risk of serious injury to the patient.”
(2) Class II (special controls), when a rigid pedicle screw system is intended to provide immobilization and stabilization of spinal segments in the thoracic, lumbar, and sacral spine as an adjunct to fusion in the treatment of degenerative disc disease and spondylolisthesis other than either severe spondylolisthesis (grades 3 and 4) at L5-S1 or degenerative spondylolisthesis with objective evidence of neurologic impairment. These pedicle screw systems must comply with the following special controls:
(i) The design characteristics of the device, including engineering schematics, must ensure that the geometry and material composition are consistent with the intended use.
(ii) Non-clinical performance testing must demonstrate the mechanical function and durability of the implant.
(iii) Device components must be demonstrated to be biocompatible.
(iv) Validation testing must demonstrate the cleanliness and sterility of, or the ability to clean and sterilize, the device components and device-specific instruments.
(v) Labeling must include the following:
(A) A clear description of the technological features of the device including identification of device materials and the principles of device operation;
(B) Intended use and indications for use, including levels of fixation;
(C) Identification of magnetic resonance (MR) compatibility status;
(D) Cleaning and sterilization instructions for devices and instruments that are provided non-sterile to the end user; and
(E) Detailed instructions of each surgical step, including device removal.
(3) Class II (special controls), when a semi-rigid system is intended to provide immobilization and stabilization of spinal segments in the thoracic, lumbar, and sacral spine as an adjunct to fusion for any indication. In addition to complying with the special controls in paragraphs (b)(2)(i) through (v) of this section, these pedicle screw systems must comply with the following special controls:
(i) Demonstration that clinical performance characteristics of the device support the intended use of the product, including assessment of fusion compared to a clinically acceptable fusion rate.
(ii) Semi-rigid systems marketed prior to the effective date of this reclassification must submit an amendment to their previously cleared premarket notification (510(k)) demonstrating compliance with the special controls in paragraphs (b)(2)(i) through (v) and paragraph (b)(3)(i) of this section.
Predicate Devices
M.U.S.T. Pedicle Screw System – Extension (K234048)
{0}
FDA U.S. FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION
April 28, 2026
Medacta International S.A.
% Christopher Lussier
Senior Director, Quality and Regulatory
Medacta USA
6386 Global Dr., Suite 101
Memphis, Tennessee 38141
Re: K253940
Trade/Device Name: M.U.S.T. Pedicle Screw System - Extension
Regulation Number: 21 CFR 888.3070
Regulation Name: Thoracolumbosacral Pedicle Screw System
Regulatory Class: Class II
Product Code: NKB, KWP, KWQ
Dated: December 9, 2025
Received: December 9, 2025
Dear Christopher Lussier:
We have reviewed your section 510(k) premarket notification of intent to market the device referenced above and have determined the device is substantially equivalent (for the indications for use stated in the enclosure) to legally marketed predicate devices marketed in interstate commerce prior to May 28, 1976, the enactment date of the Medical Device Amendments, or to devices that have been reclassified in accordance with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the Act) that do not require approval of a premarket approval application (PMA). You may, therefore, market the device, subject to the general controls provisions of the Act. Although this letter refers to your product as a device, please be aware that some cleared products may instead be combination products. The 510(k) Premarket Notification Database available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfpmn/pmn.cfm identifies combination product submissions. The general controls provisions of the Act include requirements for annual registration, listing of devices, good manufacturing practice, labeling, and prohibitions against misbranding and adulteration. Please note: CDRH does not evaluate information related to contract liability warranties. We remind you, however, that device labeling must be truthful and not misleading.
If your device is classified (see above) into either class II (Special Controls) or class III (PMA), it may be subject to additional controls. Existing major regulations affecting your device can be found in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Parts 800 to 898. In addition, FDA may publish further announcements concerning your device in the Federal Register.
Additional information about changes that may require a new premarket notification are provided in the FDA guidance documents entitled "Deciding When to Submit a 510(k) for a Change to an Existing Device"
U.S. Food & Drug Administration
10903 New Hampshire Avenue
Silver Spring, MD 20993
www.fda.gov
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K253940 - Christopher Lussier
Page 2
(https://www.fda.gov/media/99812/download) and "Deciding When to Submit a 510(k) for a Software Change to an Existing Device" (https://www.fda.gov/media/99785/download).
Your device is also subject to, among other requirements, the Quality Management System Regulation (QMSR) (21 CFR Part 820), which includes, but is not limited to, ISO 13485 clause 7.3 (Design controls), ISO 13485 clause 8.3 (Nonconforming product), ISO 13485 clause 8.5.2 (Corrective action), and ISO 13485 clause 8.5.3 (Preventative action). Please note that regardless of whether a change requires premarket review, the QMSR requires device manufacturers to review and approve changes to device design and production (ISO 13485 clause 7.3 and ISO 13485 clause 7.5) and document changes and approvals in the Medical Device File (ISO 13485 clause 4.2.3).
Please be advised that FDA's issuance of a substantial equivalence determination does not mean that FDA has made a determination that your device complies with other requirements of the Act or any Federal statutes and regulations administered by other Federal agencies. You must comply with all the Act's requirements, including, but not limited to: registration and listing (21 CFR Part 807); labeling (21 CFR Part 801); medical device reporting (reporting of medical device-related adverse events) (21 CFR Part 803) for devices or postmarketing safety reporting (21 CFR Part 4, Subpart B) for combination products (see https://www.fda.gov/combination-products/guidance-regulatory-information/postmarketing-safety-reporting-combination-products); good manufacturing practice requirements as set forth in the Quality Management System Regulation (QMSR) (21 CFR Part 820) for devices or current good manufacturing practices (21 CFR Part 4, Subpart A) for combination products; and, if applicable, the electronic product radiation control provisions (Sections 531-542 of the Act); 21 CFR Parts 1000-1050.
All medical devices, including Class I and unclassified devices and combination product device constituent parts are required to be in compliance with the final Unique Device Identification System rule ("UDI Rule"). The UDI Rule requires, among other things, that a device bear a unique device identifier (UDI) on its label and package (21 CFR 801.20(a)) unless an exception or alternative applies (21 CFR 801.20(b)) and that the dates on the device label be formatted in accordance with 21 CFR 801.18. The UDI Rule (21 CFR 830.300(a) and 830.320(b)) also requires that certain information be submitted to the Global Unique Device Identification Database (GUDID) (21 CFR Part 830 Subpart E). For additional information on these requirements, please see the UDI System webpage at https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/device-advice-comprehensive-regulatory-assistance/unique-device-identification-system-udi-system.
Also, please note the regulation entitled, "Misbranding by reference to premarket notification" (21 CFR 807.97). For questions regarding the reporting of adverse events under the MDR regulation (21 CFR Part 803), please go to https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/medical-device-safety/medical-device-reporting-mdr-how-report-medical-device-problems.
For comprehensive regulatory information about medical devices and radiation-emitting products, including information about labeling regulations, please see Device Advice (https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/device-advice-comprehensive-regulatory-assistance) and CDRH Learn (https://www.fda.gov/training-and-continuing-education/cdrh-learn). Additionally, you may contact the Division of Industry and Consumer Education (DICE) to ask a question about a specific regulatory topic. See the DICE website (https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/device-advice-comprehensive-regulatory-assistance/contact-us-division-industry-and-consumer-education-dice) for more information or contact DICE by email (DICE@fda.hhs.gov) or phone (1-800-638-2041 or 301-796-7100).
{2}
K253940 - Christopher Lussier
Page 3
Sincerely,
COLIN
O'NEILL -S
Colin O'Neill, M.B.E.
Acting Assistant Director
DHT6B: Division of Spinal Devices
OHT6: Office of Orthopedic Devices
Office of Product Evaluation and Quality
Center for Devices and Radiological Health
Enclosure
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K253940 - Page 1 of 1
| Indications for Use | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Please type in the marketing application/submission number, if it is known. This textbox will be left blank for original applications/submissions. | K253940 | ? |
| Please provide the device trade name(s). | | ? |
| M.U.S.T. Pedicle Screw System - Extension | | |
| Please provide your Indications for Use below. | | ? |
| The M.U.S.T. Pedicle screw system is intended for posterior non-cervical pedicle fixation (T1-S2/ilium) and non-pedicle fixation, or anterolateral fixation (T8-L5). These devices are indicated as an adjunct to fusion for all of the following indications: degenerative disc disease (defined as back pain of discogenic origin with degeneration of the disc confirmed by history and radiographic studies); spondylolisthesis; trauma (i.e., fracture or dislocation); spinal stenosis; curvatures (i.e., scoliosis, kyphosis, and/or lordosis); tumor; pseudoarthrosis; and failed previous fusion in skeletally mature patients. | | |
| Please select the types of uses (select one or both, as applicable). | ☑ Prescription Use (Part 21 CFR 801 Subpart D)
☐ Over-The-Counter Use (21 CFR 801 Subpart C) | ? |
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M.U.S.T. Pedicle Screw System - Extension
Traditional 510(k)
K253940 - Page 1 of 4
Medacta International SA
# 510(k) Summary
## I. Submitter
Medacta International SA
Strada Regina
6874 Castel San Pietro (CH)
Switzerland
Phone (+41) 91 696 60 60
Fax (+41) 91 696 60 66
Contact Person: Stefano Baj, Group VP Regulatory, Legal, and Compliance, Medacta International SA
Applicant Correspondent: Chris Lussier, Senior Director, Quality and Regulatory, Medacta USA
Date Prepared: December 09, 2025
Date Revised: April 28, 2026
## II. Device
| Device Proprietary Name: | M.U.S.T. Pedicle Screw System - Extension |
| --- | --- |
| Common or Usual Name: | Thoracolumbosacral pedicle screw system |
| Classification Name: | Thoracolumbosacral pedicle screw system |
| Primary Product Code | NKB |
| Secondary Product Code | KWP, KWQ |
| Regulation Number: | 21 CFR 888.3070, 21 CFR 888.3050, 21 CFR 888.3060 |
| Device Classification | II |
## III. Predicate Devices
Primary Predicate:
- M.U.S.T. Pedicle Screw System – Extension, K234048
Additional Predicates:
- M.U.S.T. Extension, K141044
- M.U.S.T. Pedicle Screw System, K162061
- M.U.S.T. Pedicle Screw System, K193365
## IV. Device Description
The M.U.S.T. Pedicle Screw System - Extension includes the following implants:
- M.U.S.T. Lateral, Coaxial Lateral and Rod to Rod Connectors for Ø5.5 or Ø6.0 mm rods;
- M.U.S.T. Connector Ti Setscrew;
- M.U.S.T. Hooks for Ø5.5 or Ø6.0 mm rods;
- M.U.S.T. MC – Cross-Connectors intermediate size for both “straight” and “adjustable” configurations;
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M.U.S.T. Pedicle Screw System - Extension
Traditional 510(k)
K253940 - Page 2 of 4
Medacta International SA
- M.U.S.T. S2AI Ø7 screws with length from 20mm to 60mm and with length 120mm, for both HA and non-HA coating variants;
- M.U.S.T. S2AI Ø8, 9, 10 HA coated screws available for all the screws lengths of the non-HA range (addition of Ø8 screws lengths from 20 to 60 mm, Ø9 screws lengths from 30 to 60 mm, Ø10 screws lengths from 30 to 65 mm);
- M.U.S.T. Pre-Contoured rods of different lengths, curvature and diameters (Ø5.5 or Ø6.0 mm) made of Ti6Al4V or CoCrMo.
The M.U.S.T. Pedicle Screw System - Extension implants are provided individually packed, sterile and single-use.
## V. Indications for Use
The M.U.S.T. Pedicle screw system is intended for posterior non-cervical pedicle fixation (T1-S2/ilium) and non-pedicle fixation, or anterolateral fixation (T8-L5). These devices are indicated as an adjunct to fusion for all of the following indications: degenerative disc disease (defined as back pain of discogenic origin with degeneration of the disc confirmed by history and radiographic studies); spondylolisthesis; trauma (i.e., fracture or dislocation); spinal stenosis; curvatures (i.e., scoliosis, kyphosis, and/or lordosis); tumor; pseudoarthrosis; and failed previous fusion in skeletally mature patients.
## VI. Comparison of Technological Characteristics
The subject M.U.S.T. Pedicle Screw System - Extension and the predicate devices (K141044, K162061, K193365, K234048) are substantially equivalent with respect to the following characteristics:
- Indications for use;
- Design of MC Cross-connectors, S2AI Pedicle Screws and Pre-contoured rods;
- Materials, except for the addition of compatibility with titanium setscrews for connectors and hooks;
- Coating, if available;
- Biocompatibility;
- Device usage;
- Packaging;
- Shelf-life; and
- Sterilization.
The subject M.U.S.T. Pedicle Screw System - Extension differ from the predicate devices with respect to:
- Range of products;
- Design of Rod-to-rod connectors, Lateral connectors and Hooks;
- Rod compatibility for rod-to-rod connectors, lateral connectors and hooks;
## Discussion
The comparison of technological characteristics and performance data provided within the submission supports the substantial equivalence of the subject devices with respect to the predicate devices.
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M.U.S.T. Pedicle Screw System - Extension
Traditional 510(k)
K253940 - Page 3 of 4
Medacta International SA
## VII. Performance Data
Based on the risk analysis, testing activities were conducted to written protocols. The following validations and tests are provided in support of the substantial equivalence determination:
## Non-Clinical Studies
- DESIGN VALIDATION
- Design Validation for Rod-to-Rod Connectors;
- Design Validation for Hooks and Lateral connectors;
- Design Comparison Analysis for Lateral connector (Ø5.5-6), Coaxial Lateral connectors (Ø5.5-6), Hooks (Ø5.5-6);
- Design Comparison Analysis for MUST MC Cross Connectors 23-35mm;
- Design Comparison Analysis for MUST S2AI screws and Pre-Contoured Rods.
- PERFORMANCE TESTING
- Static compression strength test of the M.U.S.T. construct with Rod-to-Rod Connectors in accordance with ASTM F1717;
- Static torsion strength test of the M.U.S.T. construct with Rod-to-Rod Connectors in accordance with ASTM F1717;
- Dynamic compression strength test of the M.U.S.T. construct with Rod-to-Rod Connectors in accordance with ASTM F1717;
- Axial Gripping test for M.U.S.T. Hooks and M.U.S.T. Uniplanar Screws both for Ø5.5 and Ø6 Rods in accordance with ASTM F1798;
- Dynamic four-point bending test for spinal rods in accordance with ASTM F2193;
- Justification to use M.U.S.T. SI Screw validation activity to characterize M.U.S.T. S2AI screw.
- PYROGENICITY
- Bacterial endotoxin test (LAL test) according to European Pharmacopoeia §2.6.14 (which is equivalent to USP chapter <85> and USP <161>)
- Pyrogen test according to USP chapter <151> for pyrogenicity determination
- The subject devices are not labeled as non-pyrogenic or pyrogen free.
- BIOCOMPATIBILITY assessment
- SHELF-LIFE evaluation
## Clinical Studies:
- No clinical studies were conducted.
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M.U.S.T. Pedicle Screw System - Extension
Traditional 510(k)
K253940 - Page 4 of 4
Medacta International SA
## VIII. Conclusion
The information provided above supports that the subject devices are substantially equivalent to the predicate devices.
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1. Search: exact and fuzzy
Type a phrase like "coronary artery calcification" into the search box. You get two kinds of results. Exact results match the literal phrase — prefix searches work ("coronary artery calcificati") but suffix searches do not. Fuzzy results match on the meaning and intent of your phrase rather than the exact words, and are sorted by relevance score. Hover over the Exact or Fuzzy badge on any row to see exactly why it matched.
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Exact vs. fuzzy search: what's the difference?
Exact matches on the literal phrase (prefix search works, suffix does not). Fuzzy matches on the meaning and intent of the phrase rather than the exact words. Hover over the badge on any row to see why it matched.
You search "coronary artery calcification" and want only software devices with AI. What two filters do you apply?
Narrow by SaMD (software-only devices), then narrow by AI/ML (devices with AI).
2. The results table
Scroll right in the results table. The intended use is extracted for you — no need to open the PDF. The device story gives a high-level snapshot of what the device does and how it's used. The AI Performance sub-table shows each output name, acceptance criteria, observed values, and development/test dataset descriptions — the same format Innolitics uses for regulatory strategy outputs, and the fastest high-level fingerprint of an AI device. It is AI-generated but has been very reliable in practice.
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Scroll right in the search results table. The intended use column is extracted for you; no need to dig into the 510(k) summary PDF.
What does the AI Performance sub-table show, and why is it useful?
Output name, acceptance criteria, observed values, development dataset description, and test dataset description. It's the same format we use for regulatory strategy output and Fast 510(k) input, and the fastest high-level fingerprint of an AI device. AI-generated but reliable in practice.
3. Judging fuzzy relevance
Fuzzy results trail off in relevance as you scroll. Use three signals to decide how far down to go: the fuzzy badge explanations, the intended use column, and whether your target output (e.g., Cobb angle) still appears in the AI Performance sub-table. Once it stops appearing, you're past the relevant zone. A top hit with a low score (~0.4) and a stretched explanation is a hint the closest predicates are far away — the project may be headed for De Novo. Note the fuzzy search is a pattern match: it doesn't handle negation ("not") well, and hardware devices can appear — filter by SaMD/AI ML to cut them.
How do you judge how far down fuzzy search results to go?
Use the relevancy signals: the fuzzy badge explanations, the intended use column, and whether the target output (e.g., Cobb angle) still appears in the AI Performance sub-table. Once it stops appearing, results are trailing off in relevancy.
4. Device detail page: chat and citations
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Reading rule for every project: how many summaries do you read in full?
At least the three most relevant 510(k) or De Novo summaries, in full. After that, use targeted chat questions to confirm your memory quickly. The tool supports this professional habit — it doesn't replace it.
5. Side-by-side comparison
Select multiple rows in the results table (aim for under ~10), then open the PDF Viewer tab. Ask one question — it goes to all selected devices in parallel, each with citations. This is the fastest way to compare and contrast devices: training data, PCCP scope, how they handled adding new scanners, and so on.
What does the side-by-side PDF viewer mode do?
Select multiple devices, open the PDF viewer tab, and ask one question (e.g., "Describe the training data"). It queries all selected devices simultaneously with citations, so you can compare and contrast quickly.
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With rows selected, go to the Collections tab and create a labeled collection (e.g., "Cobb Angle Project"). Reload that selection any time — before a client call, pull up the collection and ask questions across all of its devices at once.
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What can you do from the regulations tree view?
Browse product codes and regulation numbers, read the identification text and special controls, browse sibling product codes, open device PDFs on the right, and search by product code or regulation number at the top of the tree.
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Click Show Chart and segment by regulation number (or product code) to see which regulations dominate your result set. Clicking a regulation takes you into the regulations tree. Great for spotting that most matches are, say, hardware laparoscopic devices — a cue to go back and filter.
How do you see which regulations dominate a search result set?
Click "Show Chart" and segment by Regulation Number. Clicking a regulation takes you to the regulations tree.
9. The predicate graph
Open the Predicates tab for a family-tree view of predicate relationships. Click a node to trace its parents and children; selections from search carry over pre-selected. Commonly predicated devices are worth reading — a lot of people predicated them for a reason. The visual lineage is also handy on client calls, e.g. to show how a predicate family evolved and justify why your predicate still holds.
In the predicate graph, why are commonly predicated devices worth reading?
A lot of people predicated them for a reason. Clicking a node traces parents and children, and selections from search carry over pre-selected.
10. Embeddings: the galaxy map
The Embeddings tab plots every matching document in a 2-D "galaxy map" where semantically similar devices cluster together. Hover or click clusters to explore, and let AI label the clusters for you. Embeddings beat product codes for grouping: two devices can carry different product codes (LLZ vs. QIH) yet do the same thing — the embedding captures the meaning of the intended use and device story. This is also exactly how retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) works under the hood, and it makes a great visual on client calls.
Try it yourself
Head to the search page and work through a few of these AI/ML fuzzy searches to build intuition: perivascular fat on CT · aortic valve calcification opportunistic screening on noncontrast CT · breast cancer prediction on digital pathology slides · autism detection · gestational age prediction · a hearing aid that can also detect a pulse · foundation model based analysis of ECG · large language models · penetration test. Watch how the relevance scores, intended use, and AI Performance tables tell you when results stop being meaningful.