K230777 · 3A Glove Sdn. Bhd. · LZA · Oct 6, 2023 · General Hospital
Device Facts
Record ID
K230777
Device Name
Patient Examination Gloves
Applicant
3A Glove Sdn. Bhd.
Product Code
LZA · General Hospital
Decision Date
Oct 6, 2023
Decision
SESE
Submission Type
Traditional
Regulation
21 CFR 880.6250
Device Class
Class 1
Indications for Use
The Patient Examination Gloves are disposable devices intended for medical purposes that are worn on the examiner's hands to prevent contamination between patient and examiner.
Device Story
Nitrile patient examination glove; disposable; non-sterile; powder-free. Available in fern green, midnight black, and sky blue. Used in clinical settings by healthcare providers to prevent contamination between patient and examiner. Acts as a physical barrier. Manufactured to meet ASTM D6319-19 specifications. Provides protection during routine medical examinations.
Clinical Evidence
No clinical data. Bench testing only. Performance verified via ASTM D6319-19 (dimensions, physical properties), ASTM D5151 (freedom from holes), ASTM D6124 (powder content), and ISO 10993 series (biocompatibility: sensitization, irritation, systemic toxicity). Cytotoxicity testing showed potential cytotoxicity, but systemic toxicity tests passed.
Technological Characteristics
Material: Nitrile. Non-sterile, powder-free. Ambidextrous. Colors: Fern Green, Midnight Black, Sky Blue. Complies with ASTM D6319-19 (dimensions/physical properties), ASTM D5151 (holes), ASTM D6124 (powder residue), and ISO 10993 (biocompatibility).
Indications for Use
Indicated for use as a disposable medical glove worn on the examiner's hands to prevent cross-contamination between patient and examiner. Suitable for general patient examination.
Regulatory Classification
Identification
A non-powdered patient examination glove is a disposable device intended for medical purposes that is worn on the examiner's hand or finger to prevent contamination between patient and examiner. A non-powdered patient examination glove does not incorporate powder for purposes other than manufacturing. The final finished glove includes only residual powder from manufacturing.
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Image /page/0/Picture/0 description: The image shows the logo of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The logo consists of two parts: a symbol on the left and the FDA name and title on the right. The symbol on the left is a stylized representation of a human figure, while the text on the right reads "FDA U.S. FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION" in blue letters.
October 6, 2023
3A Glove Sdn. Bhd. % Boyle Wang General Manager Shanghai Truthful Information Technology Co., Ltd. Room 608, No. 738, Shangcheng Rd., Pudong Shanghai, Shanghai 200120 China
Re: K230777
Trade/Device Name: Patient Examination Gloves Regulation Number: 21 CFR 880.6250 Regulation Name: Non-Powdered Patient Examination Glove Regulatory Class: Class I, reserved Product Code: LZA Dated: September 6, 2023 Received: September 7, 2023
Dear Boyle Wang:
We have reviewed your section 510(k) premarket notification of intent to market the device referenced above and have determined the device is substantially equivalent (for the indications for use stated in the enclosure) to legally marketed predicate devices marketed in interstate commerce prior to May 28, 1976, the enactment date of the Medical Device Amendments, or to devices that have been reclassified in accordance with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the Act) that do not require approval of a premarket approval application (PMA). You may, therefore, market the device, subject to the general controls provisions of the Act. Although this letter refers to your product as a device, please be aware that some cleared products may instead be combination products. The 510(k) Premarket Notification Database available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfpmn/pmn.cfm identifies combination product submissions. The general controls provisions of the Act include requirements for annual registration, listing of devices, good manufacturing practice, labeling, and prohibitions against misbranding and adulteration. Please note: CDRH does not evaluate information related to contract liability warranties. We remind you, however, that device labeling must be truthful and not misleading.
If your device is classified (see above) into either class II (Special Controls) or class III (PMA), it may be subject to additional controls. Existing major regulations affecting your device can be found in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Parts 800 to 898. In addition, FDA may publish further announcements concerning your device in the Federal Register.
Additional information about changes that may require a new premarket notification are provided in the FDA guidance documents entitled "Deciding When to Submit a 510(k) for a Change to an Existing Device"
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(https://www.fda.gov/media/99812/download) and "Deciding When to Submit a 510(k) for a Software Change to an Existing Device" (https://www.fda.gov/media/99785/download).
Your device is also subject to, among other requirements, the Quality System (QS) regulation (21 CFR Part 820), which includes, but is not limited to, 21 CFR 820.30. Design controls; 21 CFR 820.90. Nonconforming product; and 21 CFR 820.100, Corrective and preventive action. Please note that regardless of whether a change requires premarket review. the OS regulation requires device manufacturers to review and approve changes to device design and production (21 CFR 820.30 and 21 CFR 820.70) and document changes and approvals in the device master record (21 CFR 820.181).
Please be advised that FDA's issuance of a substantial equivalence determination does not mean that FDA has made a determination that your device complies with other requirements of the Act or any Federal statutes and regulations administered by other Federal agencies. You must comply with all the Act's requirements, including, but not limited to: registration and listing (21 CFR Part 807); labeling (21 CFR Part 801); medical device reporting of medical device-related adverse events) (21 CFR Part 803) for devices or postmarketing safety reporting (21 CFR Part 4, Subpart B) for combination products (see https://www.fda.gov/combination-products/guidance-regulatory-information/postmarketing-safety-reportingcombination-products); good manufacturing practice requirements as set forth in the quality systems (QS) regulation (21 CFR Part 820) for devices or current good manufacturing practices (21 CFR Part 4, Subpart A) for combination products; and, if applicable, the electronic product radiation control provisions (Sections 531-542 of the Act); 21 CFR Parts 1000-1050.
Also, please note the regulation entitled, "Misbranding by reference to premarket notification" (21 CFR 807.97). For questions regarding the reporting of adverse events under the MDR regulation (21 CFR Part 803), please go to https://www.fda.gov/medical-device-safety/medical-device-reportingmdr-how-report-medical-device-problems.
For comprehensive regulatory information about mediation-emitting products, including information about labeling regulations, please see Device Advice (https://www.fda.gov/medicaldevices/device-advice-comprehensive-regulatory-assistance) and CDRH Learn (https://www.fda.gov/training-and-continuing-education/cdrh-learn). Additionally, you may contact the Division of Industry and Consumer Education (DICE) to ask a question about a specific regulatory topic. See the DICE website (https://www.fda.gov/medical-device-advice-comprehensive-regulatoryassistance/contact-us-division-industry-and-consumer-education-dice) for more information or contact DICE by email (DICE@fda.hhs.gov) or phone (1-800-638-2041 or 301-796-7100).
Sincerely.
# Allan T
For Bifeng Qian, M.D., Ph.D. Assistant Director DHT4B: Division of Infection Control
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and Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Devices OHT4: Office of Surgical and Infection Control Devices Office of Product Evaluation and Quality Center for Devices and Radiological Health
Enclosure
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### Indications for Use
510(k) Number (if known) K230777
Device Name Patient Examination Gloves
Indications for Use (Describe)
The Patient Examination Gloves are disposable devices intended for medical purposes that are worn on the examiner's hands to prevent contamination between patient and examiner.
| Type of Use (Select one or both, as applicable) | |
|-------------------------------------------------|--|
|-------------------------------------------------|--|
Prescription Use (Part 21 CFR 801 Subpart D)
X Over-The-Counter Use (21 CFR 801 Subpart C)
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# 510(k) Summary K230777
This summary of 510(k) safety and effectiveness information is being submitted in accordance with 21 CFR 807.92.
#### 1.0 submitter's information
Name: 3A Glove Sdn. Bhd. Address: PTD 2058 & 2059, Jalan Cyber 4, Kawasan Perindustrian Senai (III), 81400 Senai, Johor, Malaysia Phone Number: +60127708756 Contact: Poh Seng Ping Date of Preparation: 2023.09.26
#### Designated Submission Correspondent
Mr. Boyle Wang Shanghai Truthful Information Technology Co., Ltd. Tel: +86-21-50313932 Email: Info@truthful.com.cn
#### 2.0 Device information
Trade name: Patient Examination Gloves Common name: Patient Examination Gloves Classification name: Non-powdered patient examination glove Model(s): S. M. L. XL Colors: FERN GREEN/ MIDNIGHT BLACK/ SKY BLUE
#### 3.0 Classification
Production code: LZA Regulation number: 21CFR880.6250 Classification: Class I Panel: General Hospital
#### 4.0 Predicate device information
- Manufacturer: Ever Global (Vietnam) Enterprise Corp Device: Disposable Powder Free Nitrile Examination Glove, White/ Blue/ Black/ Pink Color
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#### 510(k) number: K171422
#### 5.0 Indications for use
The Patient Examination Gloves are disposable devices intended for medical purposes that are worn on the examiner's hands to prevent contamination between patient and examiner.
#### 6.0 Device description
The proposed device is a nitrile patient examination glove. The design of proposed device addresses the standard specification requirements of ASTM D6319-19. The proposed device is non-sterile and powder free, with fern green, midnight black and sky blue three colors.
#### 7.0 Summary comparing technological characteristics with predicate device
| Item | Proposed device | Predicate device | Remark |
|-------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------|
| 510(k) number | K230777 | K171422 | Same |
| Product Code | LZA | LZA | Same |
| Regulation No. | 21CFR880.6250 | 21CFR880.6250 | Same |
| Class | I | I | Same |
| Indications for use | The Patient Examination<br>Gloves is a disposable<br>device intended for<br>medical purposes that is<br>worn on the examiner's<br>hands to prevent<br>contamination between<br>patient and examiner. | The Disposable Powder<br>Free Nitrile Examination<br>Glove, White/ Blue/ Black/<br>Pink Color is a disposable<br>device intended for<br>medical purposes that is<br>worn on the examiner's<br>hands to prevent<br>contamination between<br>patient and examiner. | Same |
| Powdered or Powder free | Powder free | Powder free | Same |
| Design Feature | ambidextrous | ambidextrous | Same |
| Labeling Information | Single-use indication,<br>powder free, device color,<br>device name, glove size<br>and quantity, Patient<br>Examination Gloves,<br>Non-Sterile | Single-use indication,<br>powder free, device color,<br>device name, glove size<br>and quantity, Disposable<br>Powder Free Nitrile<br>Examination Glove,<br>Non-Sterile | Same |
#### Table1-General Comparison
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| Predicate | Designation | Size | | | | Tolerance | |
|-----------------|----------------|-----------|----------|----------|-----------|-----------|-----|
| Device(K171422) | Length, mm | XS<br>230 | S<br>230 | M<br>230 | L<br>230 | XL<br>230 | min |
| | Width, mm | 75 | 85 | 95 | 105 | 115 | ±5 |
| | Thickness, mm: | | | | | | |
| | Finger | 0.05 | | | | | min |
| | Palm | 0.05 | | | | | min |
| Proposed Device | Designation | Size | | | | Tolerance | |
| | Length, mm | S<br>220 | M<br>230 | L<br>230 | XL<br>230 | | min |
| | Width, mm | 80 | 95 | 110 | 120 | | ±10 |
| | Thickness, mm: | | | | | | |
| | Finger | 0.05 | | | | | min |
| | Palm | 0.05 | | | | | min |
| Remark | Analysis1 | | | | | | |
# Table2 Device Dimensions Comparison
Analysis1: The sizes and tolerances of proposed device are different with those of the predicate, but they all meet the requirements of ASTM D6319-19.
| Item | | Proposed device | Predicate device | Remark | |
|------------------------|------------------------|-----------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------|
| Color | | FERN GREEN/ MIDNIGHT<br>BLACK/ SKY BLUE | White/ Blue/ Black/ Pink | Analysis 2 | |
| Physical<br>Properties | Before<br>Aging | Tensile<br>Strength | 14MPa, min | 14MPa, min | SAME |
| | | Ultimate<br>Elongation | 500%min | 500%min | SAME |
| | After<br>Aging | Tensile<br>Strength | 14MPa, min | 14MPa, min | SAME |
| | | Ultimate<br>Elongation | 400%min | 400%min | SAME |
| | Comply with ASTM D6319 | | | Comply with ASTM D6319 | SAME |
| Freedom from Holes | | | Be free from holes when<br>tested in accordance with<br>ASTMD5151 AQL=2.5 | Be free from holes when<br>tested in accordance with<br>ASTMD5151 AQL=2.5 | SAME |
| Powder Content | | | Fern Green 0.6 mg/glove<br>Midnight black 1.1 mg/glove<br>Sky blue 1.0 mg/glove | Meet the requirements of<br>ASTM D6124 | SIMILAR |
## Table3 Performance Comparison
Analysis 2: The proposed device has different color to the predicate device, but all proposed devices are conducted the performance tests.
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| Item | Proposed device | Predicate device | Remark | |
|--------------------|------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|------------|
| Material | Nitrile | Nitrile | SAME | |
| Biocompatibility | Irritation | Under the conditions of the study, not an irritant | Comply with ISO10993-10 | SAME |
| | Sensitization | Under conditions of the study, not a sensitizer. | | |
| | Cytotoxicity | Under the conditions of the study, the device is potentially cytotoxic | Comply with ISO10993-5 | Analysis 3 |
| | Systemic toxicity | Under the conditions of the study, the device does not elicit an acute systemic toxicity response. | Complies with ISO 10993-11 Third edition 2017-09 | |
| Label and Labeling | Meet FDA's Requirement | | Meet FDA's Requirement | SAME |
#### Table4 Safety Comparison
Analysis 3: The proposed device is potentially cytotoxic, but all proposed devices passed the acute systemic toxicity test.
### 8.0 Summary of Non-Clinical Performance Testing
The following performance data has been provided to demonstrate that the subject device meets the acceptance criteria in the standard.
Table 5 Summary of Non-Clinical Performance Testing
| No. | Name of the<br>Test<br>Methodology | Standard | Acceptance<br>Criteria | Results | Pass<br>/ Fail |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------|
| 1 | Tests For Skin<br>Sensitization | ISO<br>10993-10:2<br>021. | Skin<br>Sensitization<br>Test:<br>provided<br>grades less<br>than 1,<br>otherwise<br>sensitization. | <b>Fern Green:</b><br>No sensitization response was observed in control and treatment group animals.<br><br>Based on results of the study, it is inferred that the polar and non-polar extracts of the test item “Powder Free Nitrile Examination Gloves Color: Fern Green” is classified as “non-sensitizer” and has met the skin sensitization test requirement of ISO 10993-10:2021. | Pass |
| | | | | <b>Blue Sky:</b><br>No sensitization response was observed in control | Pass |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | and treatment group animals. | |
| | | | | Based on results of the study, it is inferred that the | |
| | | | | polar and non-polar extracts of the test item | |
| | | | | "Powder Free Nitrile Examination Gloves<br>Color: Blue Sky" is classified as "non-sensitizer" and | |
| | | | | has met the skin sensitization test requirement of<br>ISO 10993-10:2021. | |
| | | | | Midnight Black: | Pass |
| | | | | No sensitization response was observed in control<br>and treatment group animals. | |
| | | | | Based on results of the study, it is inferred that the<br>polar and non-polar extracts of the test item | |
| | | | | "Powder Free Nitrile Examination Gloves<br>Color: Midnight Black" is classified as<br>"non-sensitizer" and has met the skin sensitization<br>test requirement of ISO 10993-10:2021. | |
| | | | | | |
| 2 | Tests For skin<br>Irritation | ISO<br>10993-23:2<br>021. | Skin Irritation<br>Test:<br>If the primary<br>irritation<br>index<br>is<br>0-0,4, the<br>response<br>category is<br>Negligible.<br>0,5-1,9<br>means slight<br>2-4,9 means<br>moderate<br>5-8 means<br>severe | Fern Green:<br>At necropsy, there was no abnormality detected in<br>any of the animals.<br>the test item "POWDER FREE NITRILE<br>EXAMINATION GLOVES COLOR: FERN GREEN"<br>is "non-irritant" to the New Zealand white rabbits<br>and has met the skin irritation test requirement of<br>ISO 10993-23:2021. | Pass |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | Blue Sky: | Pass |
| | | | | At necropsy, there was no abnormality detected in<br>any of the animals.<br>Based on results of the study, it is inferred that the<br>polar and non-polar extracts of the test item<br>"POWDER FREE NITRILE EXAMINATION<br>GLOVES COLOR: Blue Sky" is "non-irritant" to the<br>New Zealand white rabbits and has met the skin<br>irritation test requirement of ISO 10993-23:2021. | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | Midnight Black:<br>At necropsy, there was no abnormality detected in<br>any of the animals.<br>Based on results of the study, it is inferred that the<br>polar and non-polar extracts of the test item<br>"POWDER FREE NITRILE EXAMINATION<br>GLOVES COLOR: Midnight Black" is "non-irritant" | Pass |
| to the New Zealand white rabbits and has met the<br>skin irritation test requirement of ISO<br>10993-23:2021. | | | | | |
| 3 | In Vitro<br>Cytotoxicity | ISO<br>10993-5:2009 | The viab.%<br>of the 100%<br>extract of the<br>test article is<br>the final<br>result, and if<br>viability is<br>reduced to<br><70% of the<br>blank, it has<br>cytotoxic<br>potential. | Fern Green:<br>Cell viability post treatment with 25, 50 and 100 %<br>test item extracts in MTT test observed was less<br>than 70% when compared to the vehicle control at<br>all the concentrations except at the 12.5% test item<br>concentration. Hence, test item extract was<br>considered to be cytotoxic.<br><br>Blue Sky:<br>Cell viability post treatment with 25, 50 and 100 %<br>test item extracts in MTT test observed was less<br>than 70% when compared to the vehicle control at<br>all the concentrations except at the 12.5% test item<br>concentration. Hence, test item extract was<br>considered to be cytotoxic.<br><br>Midnight Black:<br>Cell viability post treatment with 25, 50 and 100 %<br>test item extracts in MTT test observed was less<br>than 70% when compared to the vehicle control at<br>all the concentrations except at the 12.5% test item<br>concentration. Hence, test item extract was<br>considered to be cytotoxic. | Fail |
| 4 | Systemic<br>toxicity | ISO<br>10993-11:<br>2017 | To evaluate<br>the potential<br>for medical<br>device<br>materials to<br>cause<br>adverse<br>systemic<br>reactions. | Fern Green:<br>No animal deaths or loss in body weight.<br>Based on results of the study, it is inferred that the<br>test item "POWDER FREE NITRILE EXAMINATION<br>GLOVES COLOR: FERN GREEN" did not reveal<br>systemic toxicity and has met the acute systemic<br>toxicity test requirement of ISO 10993-11:2017.<br><br>Blue Sky:<br>No animal deaths or loss in body weight.<br>Based on results of the study, it is inferred that the<br>test item "POWDER FREE NITRILE EXAMINATION<br>GLOVES COLOR: BLUE SKY" did not reveal<br>systemic toxicity and has met the acute systemic<br>toxicity test requirement of ISO 10993-11:2017. | Pass |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | Midnight Black:<br>No animal deaths or loss in body weight.<br>Based on results of the study, it is inferred that the<br>test item "POWDER FREE NITRILE EXAMINATION<br>GLOVES COLOR: MIDNIGHT BLACK" did not<br>reveal systemic toxicity and has met the acute<br>systemic toxicity test requirement of ISO<br>10993-11:2017. | Pass |
| 5 | Residual<br>Powder on<br>Medical<br>Gloves | ASTM<br>D6124-06<br>(2022) | powder<br>residue limit<br>of 2.0<br>mg/glove | Fern Green:<br>Average: 0.6 mg/glove<br><br>Blue Sky:<br>Average: 0.9 mg/glove<br><br>Midnight Black:<br>Average: 0.8 mg/glove | Pass |
| 6 | Detection of<br>Holes in<br>Medical<br>Gloves | ASTM<br>D5151-200<br>6 | Freedom<br>free hole<br>AQL: 2.5<br>(ISO 2859) | Fern Green:<br>0 Glove leakage<br><br>Blue Sky:<br>0 Glove leakage<br><br>Midnight Black:<br>0 Glove leakage | Pass |
| 7 | Physical<br>dimensions | ASTM<br>D6319-19 | S: width $80 \pm$<br>10mm<br>Length $\geq$<br>220 mm | Fern Green:<br>Average Length: 241 mm<br>Average width: 85 mm<br><br>Blue Sky:<br>Average Length: 242 mm<br>Average width: 82 mm<br><br>Midnight Black:<br>Average Length: 240 mm<br>Average width: 84 mm | Pass |
| | | | M: width $95 \pm$<br>10mm<br>Length $\geq$<br>230 mm | Fern Green:<br>Average Length: 253 mm<br>Average width: 97 mm<br><br>Blue Sky:<br>Average Length: 251 mm<br>Average width: 97 mm | Pass |
| | | | | | |
| | | | Midnight Black:<br>Average Length: 253 mm<br>Average width: 98 mm | Pass | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | L: width 110<br>±10mm<br>Length ≥<br>230 mm | Fern Green:<br>Average Length: 255mm<br>Average width: 110 mm | Pass | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | Blue Sky:<br>Average Length: 254 mm<br>Average width: 111 mm | Pass | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | XL: width<br>120±10mm<br>Length ≥<br>230 mm | Midnight Black:<br>Average Length: 254 mm<br>Average width: 109 mm | Pass | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | |…
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Click a product code in the results to jump to it in the regulations tree — identification text, sibling product codes, and devices you can open in a PDF viewer on the right. Click a regulation number to see its identification, special controls, and related product codes. You can also search by product code or regulation number at the top of the tree. Always read the special controls if any exist for your device — it broadens your search and sharpens pre-kickoff research.
What can you do from the regulations tree view?
Browse product codes and regulation numbers, read the identification text and special controls, browse sibling product codes, open device PDFs on the right, and search by product code or regulation number at the top of the tree.
8. Chart view
Click Show Chart and segment by regulation number (or product code) to see which regulations dominate your result set. Clicking a regulation takes you into the regulations tree. Great for spotting that most matches are, say, hardware laparoscopic devices — a cue to go back and filter.
How do you see which regulations dominate a search result set?
Click "Show Chart" and segment by Regulation Number. Clicking a regulation takes you to the regulations tree.
9. The predicate graph
Open the Predicates tab for a family-tree view of predicate relationships. Click a node to trace its parents and children; selections from search carry over pre-selected. Commonly predicated devices are worth reading — a lot of people predicated them for a reason. The visual lineage is also handy on client calls, e.g. to show how a predicate family evolved and justify why your predicate still holds.
In the predicate graph, why are commonly predicated devices worth reading?
A lot of people predicated them for a reason. Clicking a node traces parents and children, and selections from search carry over pre-selected.
10. Embeddings: the galaxy map
The Embeddings tab plots every matching document in a 2-D "galaxy map" where semantically similar devices cluster together. Hover or click clusters to explore, and let AI label the clusters for you. Embeddings beat product codes for grouping: two devices can carry different product codes (LLZ vs. QIH) yet do the same thing — the embedding captures the meaning of the intended use and device story. This is also exactly how retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) works under the hood, and it makes a great visual on client calls.
Try it yourself
Head to the search page and work through a few of these AI/ML fuzzy searches to build intuition: perivascular fat on CT · aortic valve calcification opportunistic screening on noncontrast CT · breast cancer prediction on digital pathology slides · autism detection · gestational age prediction · a hearing aid that can also detect a pulse · foundation model based analysis of ECG · large language models · penetration test. Watch how the relevance scores, intended use, and AI Performance tables tell you when results stop being meaningful.