The primary purpose and intended use of this device is to improve the efficiency of designing patient specific radiation therapy beam-shaping block devices through the use of optical scanning technology. This device will serve as a direct replacement to the current processes for designing such radiotherapy devices in cases where a "clinical patient set up" is used (i.e. cases where the treatment field is determined by direct physician examination, not by internal imaging technology). This product is not intended to replace CT imaging or other internal imaging modalities and should be used only in cases where a qualified radiation oncologist has made appropriate determination of the acceptability of a "clinical patient set up" approach, independent of any information provided by this application. In other words, the role of this product is to simply ensure efficient and accurate ordering of a patient-specific beam-shaping block device from our company, in cases where a licensed radiation oncologist has predetermined that such a device and treatment approach is appropriate for the patient at hand. Thus this device's indications for use include patients with a variety of cancer and disease conditions, which will be treated under the direct supervision and guidance of a radiation oncologist that has prescribed a desired dose of radiation to be delivered to the patient.
Device Story
decimal3D is an iPad-based software application designed to improve the efficiency of ordering patient-specific radiation therapy beam-shaping blocks. It utilizes an off-the-shelf depth-sensing scanner (infrared projector and camera) to capture 3D, full-color models of a patient's treatment area. The clinician uses the software to digitize treatment fields previously drawn on the patient's skin, specify machine parameters (e.g., applicator size, treatment direction), and order the custom device for fabrication. The device replaces traditional workflows involving physical templates and flatbed scanners. It is intended for use in clinical settings under the supervision of a radiation oncologist. By streamlining the digitization of the treatment area, the device facilitates accurate ordering of custom beam-shaping blocks, supporting the delivery of prescribed radiation doses.
Clinical Evidence
No clinical testing was performed. Substantial equivalence was demonstrated through bench testing and clinically oriented validation test cases executed by the manufacturer and hospital-based partners. Testing confirmed the device performed as well as the predicate and that surface scan quality is sufficient for designing patient-specific beam-shaping devices.
Technological Characteristics
Software-based system utilizing an off-the-shelf infrared structured light depth-sensing scanner and color camera. Operates on an iPad platform. Provides tools for 3D model construction, digitization of treatment contours, and device parameter specification. No ionizing radiation exposure.
Indications for Use
Indicated for patients with various cancer and disease conditions requiring radiation therapy, where a radiation oncologist has determined a "clinical patient set up" (physician-determined treatment field without internal imaging) is appropriate. Contraindicated for use as a replacement for CT or other internal imaging modalities.
Regulatory Classification
Identification
A medical charged-particle radiation therapy system is a device that produces by acceleration high energy charged particles (e.g., electrons and protons) intended for use in radiation therapy. This generic type of device may include signal analysis and display equipment, patient and equipment supports, treatment planning computer programs, component parts, and accessories.
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Image /page/0/Picture/0 description: The image contains the logos of the Department of Health and Human Services and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The Department of Health and Human Services logo is on the left, and the FDA logo is on the right. The FDA logo includes the letters "FDA" in a blue square, followed by the words "U.S. Food & Drug Administration" in blue text.
December 13, 2019
.decimal, LLC % Kevin Erhart, Ph.D. President/Chief Technology Officer 121 Central Park Place SANFORD FL 32771
Re: K192554
Trade/Device Name: decimal3D Regulation Number: 21 CFR 892.5050 Regulation Name: Medical charged-particle radiation therapy system Regulatory Class: Class II Product Code: MUJ Dated: October 14, 2019 Received: October 15, 2019
Dear Dr. Erhart:
We have reviewed your Section 510(k) premarket notification of intent to market the device referenced above and have determined the device is substantially equivalent (for the indications for use stated in the enclosure) to legally marketed predicate devices marketed in interstate commerce prior to May 28, 1976, the enactment date of the Medical Device Amendments, or to devices that have been reclassified in accordance with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (Act) that do not require approval of a premarket approval application (PMA). You may, therefore, market the device, subject to the general controls provisions of the Act. Although this letter refers to your product as a device, please be aware that some cleared products may instead be combination products. The 510(k) Premarket Notification Database located at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfpmn/pmn.cfm identifies combination product submissions. The general controls provisions of the Act include requirements for annual registration, listing of devices, good manufacturing practice, labeling, and prohibitions against misbranding and adulteration. Please note: CDRH does not evaluate information related to contract liability warranties. We remind you, however, that device labeling must be truthful and not misleading.
If your device is classified (see above) into either class II (Special Controls) or class III (PMA), it may be subject to additional controls. Existing major regulations affecting your device can be found in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Parts 800 to 898. In addition, FDA may publish further announcements concerning your device in the Federal Register.
Please be advised that FDA's issuance of a substantial equivalence determination does not mean that FDA has made a determination that your device complies with other requirements of the Act or any Federal statutes and regulations administered by other Federal agencies. You must comply with all the Act's requirements, including, but not limited to: registration and listing (21 CFR Part 807); labeling (21 CFR Part
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801); medical device reporting of medical device-related adverse events) (21 CFR 803) for devices or postmarketing safety reporting (21 CFR 4, Subpart B) for combination products (see https://www.fda.gov/combination-products/guidance-regulatory-information/postmarketing-safety-reportingcombination-products); good manufacturing practice requirements as set forth in the quality systems (QS) regulation (21 CFR Part 820) for devices or current good manufacturing practices (21 CFR 4, Subpart A) for combination products; and, if applicable, the electronic product radiation control provisions (Sections 531-542 of the Act); 21 CFR 1000-1050.
Also, please note the regulation entitled, "Misbranding by reference to premarket notification" (21 CFR Part 807.97). For questions regarding the reporting of adverse events under the MDR regulation (21 CFR Part 803), please go to https://www.fda.gov/medical-device-safety/medical-device-reportingmdr-how-report-medical-device-problems.
For comprehensive regulatory information about mediation-emitting products, including information about labeling regulations, please see Device Advice (https://www.fda.gov/medicaldevices/device-advice-comprehensive-regulatory-assistance) and CDRH Learn (https://www.fda.gov/training-and-continuing-education/cdrh-learn). Additionally, you may contact the Division of Industry and Consumer Education (DICE) to ask a question about a specific regulatory topic. See the DICE website (https://www.fda.gov/medical-device-advice-comprehensive-regulatoryassistance/contact-us-division-industry-and-consumer-education-dice) for more information or contact DICE by email (DICE@fda.hhs.gov) or phone (1-800-638-2041 or 301-796-7100).
Sincerely,
Thalia T. Mills, Ph.D. Director Division of Radiological Health OHT7: Office of In Vitro Diagnostics and Radiological Health Office of Product Evaluation and Quality Center for Devices and Radiological Health
Enclosure
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# Indications for Use
510(k) Number (if known) K192554
Device Name decimal3D
#### Indications for Use (Describe)
The primary purpose and intended use of this device is to improve the efficiency of designing patient specific radiation therapy beam-shaping block devices through the use of optical scanning technology. This device will serve as a direct replacement to the current processes for designing such radiotherapy devices in cases where a "clinical patient set up" is used (i.e. cases where the treatment field is determined by direct physician examination, not by internal imaging technology).
This product is not intended to replace CT imaging or other internal imaging modalities and should be used only in cases where a qualified radiation oncologist has made appropriate determination of the acceptability of a "clinical patient set up" approach, independent of any information provided by this application. In other words, the role of this product is to simply ensure efficient and accurate ordering of a patient-specific beam-shaping block device from our company, in cases where a licensed radiation oncologist has predetermined that such a device and treatment approach is appropriate for the patient at hand. Thus this device's indications for use include patients with a variety of cancer and disease conditions, which will be treated under the direct supervision and guidance of a radiation oncologist that has prescribed a desired dose of radiation to be delivered to the patient.
Type of Use (Select one or both, as applicable)
| <div><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span> <span style="text-decoration: overline;">X</span> Prescription Use (Part 21 CFR 801 Subpart D)</div> |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| <div><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span> ☐ Over-The-Counter Use (21 CFR 801 Subpart C)</div> |
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Image /page/3/Picture/0 description: The image shows the logo for ".decimal" in blue and gray. Below the logo is the text "The benchmark for custom radiation therapy" in a smaller font. The logo is simple and modern, and the text is clear and concise.
Section 5 510(k) Summary
Section 807.87 (h) A 510(k) Summary as described in Section 807.92
# Premarket Notification [510(k)] Summary as required by 21 CFR 807.92
# Date summary was prepared:
November 21, 2019
## Submitter's Name:
.decimal, LLC. 121 Central Park PL Sanford, Florida 32771
## Contact Person:
Kevin Erhart, PhD President/Chief Technology Officer Phone: 407-330-3300 Fax: 407-322-7546 Email:kerhart@dotdecimal.com
#### Device Name:
decimal3D (K192554)
# Classification Name:
MUJ 21 CFR 892.5050 Medical charged-particle radiation therapy systems Class II
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Image /page/4/Picture/0 description: The image shows the logo for Decimal. The logo is in blue and gray, with the word "decimal" in a sans-serif font. Below the logo is the tagline "The benchmark for custom radiation therapy" in a smaller font. The logo is simple and modern, and the tagline is clear and concise.
# Device Description:
This device is a software product with the primary purpose to improve the efficiency of designing patient specific radiotherapy treatment devices. It uses proven off-the-shelf optical scanning technology to replace portions of the current clinical treatment device design workflow to achieve this goal. Specifically, this device uses an off-the-shelf depth sensing scanner to accurately capture and construct a full color, 3D model of a patient's treatment area. This scanner captures dimensionally accurate depth information in realtime using a combination of a structured light field infrared projector and infrared camera, and is coupled with a color camera to provide precise, full color, 3D models of patients without exposing them to any harmful radiation.
Our decimal3D software is an iPad application that guides users through the process of capturing a scan of a patient. It then provides tools that allow users to digitize the treatment area, which is pre-drawn on the patient's skin by the radiation oncologist, on the 3D model. Users also specify other device parameters, such as their treatment machine type, applicator size, and treatment direction, which allows the decimal3D software to complete the design of their treatment device. Finally, our software allows them to view and order the device for fabrication by our company. This process is directly analogous to the current digitization process in the existing clinical workflow except the predicate software device requires the user to use a clear plastic template placed in the head of the actual treatment delivery machine to project the device shape to the patient's skin surface using a light field. This acrylic template is then scanned using a flatbed document scanner and the shape is digitized in 2D using the predicate software.
#### Predicate Device(s):
.decimal p.d K151369
#### Intended Use:
The primary purpose and intended use of this device is to improve the efficiency of designing patient specific radiotherapy devices. This device will serve as a direct replacement to the current processes for designing such patient-specific radiotherapy devices. One such common current process is for electron therapy clinical setups, which involves hand drawing of the patient-specific aperture shape onto a semi-transparent "template" block, using the treatment light field to verify accuracy against the treatment area that has been outlined directly on a patient by the treating physician. This now flattened and projected aperture shape can then be scanned and digitized allowing for computer controlled fabrication. This decimal3D device will replace this process by providing a means to accurately scan and digitize the treatment area. This device also provides a means for designing and ordering the required devices.
#### Indications for Use:
The primary purpose and intended use of this device is to improve the efficiency of designing patient specific radiation therapy beam-shaping block devices through the use of optical scanning technology. This device will serve as a direct replacement to the current processes for designing such radiotherapy devices in cases where a "clinical patient set up" is used (i.e. cases where the treatment field is determined by direct physician examination, not by internal imaging technology).
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Image /page/5/Picture/0 description: The image shows the logo for "decimal". The logo is in two colors, with the ".d" in blue and the rest of the word in gray. Below the logo is the tagline "The benchmark for custom radiation therapy".
This product is not intended to replace CT imaging or other internal imaging modalities and should be used only in cases where a qualified radiation oncologist has made appropriate determination of the acceptability of a "clinical patient set up" approach, independent of any information provided by this application. In other words, the role of this product is to simply ensure efficient and accurate ordering of a patient-specific beamshaping block device from our company, in cases where a licensed radiation oncologist has predetermined that such a device and treatment approach is appropriate for the patient at hand. Thus this device's indications for use include patients with a variety of cancer and disease conditions, which will be treated under the direct supervision and guidance of a radiation oncologist that has prescribed a desired dose of radiation to be delivered to the patient.
## Summary of Technological Characteristics:
decimal3D technology is substantially equivalent to the listed predicate device p.d (K151369). decimal3D and p.d both provide tools to digitize physician outlined treatment fields into patient-specific devices to be used in radiotherapy treatment delivery. Both p.d and decimal3D include displays for visualizing the physician drawn shape and tools for digitizing this image into a two dimensional contour. Unlike p.d, decimal3D provides a mechanism to directly capture the physician drawn treatment area rather than importing this image from a separate system. However, this does not detract from the point that the features included in both software for creating the patient device are substantially equivalent in terms of technology, intended uses, and end user profiles.
## Summary of Non-Clinical Testing:
Clinical testing was not performed as part of the development of this product. Clinical testing is not advantageous in demonstrating substantial equivalence or safety and effectiveness of the device since testing can be performed such that no human subjects are exposed to risk. Clinically oriented validation test cases were written and executed by .decimal personnel and hospital-based testing partners where this device was deemed safe and effective for clinical use. The tests show that this device performed as well as the predicate device and demonstrated that the quality of the resulting surface scans is sufficient to provide the accuracy needed to design patient specific beam shaping devices.
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Learn the FDA Browser
Two short videos show you everything — or skip straight to the written tutorial if you'd rather read. You can reopen this any time from the Tutorial button in the top bar.
Part 1 — Search, results, and everyday workflows 16 min
Part 2 — Embeddings: the galaxy map 3 min
1. Search: exact and fuzzy
Type a phrase like "coronary artery calcification" into the search box. You get two kinds of results. Exact results match the literal phrase — prefix searches work ("coronary artery calcificati") but suffix searches do not. Fuzzy results match on the meaning and intent of your phrase rather than the exact words, and are sorted by relevance score. Hover over the Exact or Fuzzy badge on any row to see exactly why it matched.
Use the checkboxes above the results to narrow: SaMD keeps only software-only devices, AI / ML keeps only devices with AI.
Exact vs. fuzzy search: what's the difference?
Exact matches on the literal phrase (prefix search works, suffix does not). Fuzzy matches on the meaning and intent of the phrase rather than the exact words. Hover over the badge on any row to see why it matched.
You search "coronary artery calcification" and want only software devices with AI. What two filters do you apply?
Narrow by SaMD (software-only devices), then narrow by AI/ML (devices with AI).
2. The results table
Scroll right in the results table. The intended use is extracted for you — no need to open the PDF. The device story gives a high-level snapshot of what the device does and how it's used. The AI Performance sub-table shows each output name, acceptance criteria, observed values, and development/test dataset descriptions — the same format Innolitics uses for regulatory strategy outputs, and the fastest high-level fingerprint of an AI device. It is AI-generated but has been very reliable in practice.
Where do you find a device's intended use without opening the PDF?
Scroll right in the search results table. The intended use column is extracted for you; no need to dig into the 510(k) summary PDF.
What does the AI Performance sub-table show, and why is it useful?
Output name, acceptance criteria, observed values, development dataset description, and test dataset description. It's the same format we use for regulatory strategy output and Fast 510(k) input, and the fastest high-level fingerprint of an AI device. AI-generated but reliable in practice.
3. Judging fuzzy relevance
Fuzzy results trail off in relevance as you scroll. Use three signals to decide how far down to go: the fuzzy badge explanations, the intended use column, and whether your target output (e.g., Cobb angle) still appears in the AI Performance sub-table. Once it stops appearing, you're past the relevant zone. A top hit with a low score (~0.4) and a stretched explanation is a hint the closest predicates are far away — the project may be headed for De Novo. Note the fuzzy search is a pattern match: it doesn't handle negation ("not") well, and hardware devices can appear — filter by SaMD/AI ML to cut them.
How do you judge how far down fuzzy search results to go?
Use the relevancy signals: the fuzzy badge explanations, the intended use column, and whether the target output (e.g., Cobb angle) still appears in the AI Performance sub-table. Once it stops appearing, results are trailing off in relevancy.
4. Device detail page: chat and citations
Click a device name to open its detail page: device facts on the left, a chat window on the right. Ask something like "Describe the training data". The answer carries little citation bubbles — click one to jump to the highlighted passage in the source PDF, so you can verify every AI answer against the document. There's also a Download PDF button for sharing.
How do you verify an AI chat answer on the device detail page?
Click the citation bubbles to jump to the relevant highlight in the source document.
Reading rule for every project: how many summaries do you read in full?
At least the three most relevant 510(k) or De Novo summaries, in full. After that, use targeted chat questions to confirm your memory quickly. The tool supports this professional habit — it doesn't replace it.
5. Side-by-side comparison
Select multiple rows in the results table (aim for under ~10), then open the PDF Viewer tab. Ask one question — it goes to all selected devices in parallel, each with citations. This is the fastest way to compare and contrast devices: training data, PCCP scope, how they handled adding new scanners, and so on.
What does the side-by-side PDF viewer mode do?
Select multiple devices, open the PDF viewer tab, and ask one question (e.g., "Describe the training data"). It queries all selected devices simultaneously with citations, so you can compare and contrast quickly.
6. Collections
With rows selected, go to the Collections tab and create a labeled collection (e.g., "Cobb Angle Project"). Reload that selection any time — before a client call, pull up the collection and ask questions across all of its devices at once.
How do you save a set of selected devices for later use?
Select the rows, go to the Collections tab, and create a labeled collection (e.g., "Cobb Angle Project"). You can reload the selection anytime and carry it into the PDF viewer and other tabs that support selections.
7. Product codes and the regulations tree
Click a product code in the results to jump to it in the regulations tree — identification text, sibling product codes, and devices you can open in a PDF viewer on the right. Click a regulation number to see its identification, special controls, and related product codes. You can also search by product code or regulation number at the top of the tree. Always read the special controls if any exist for your device — it broadens your search and sharpens pre-kickoff research.
What can you do from the regulations tree view?
Browse product codes and regulation numbers, read the identification text and special controls, browse sibling product codes, open device PDFs on the right, and search by product code or regulation number at the top of the tree.
8. Chart view
Click Show Chart and segment by regulation number (or product code) to see which regulations dominate your result set. Clicking a regulation takes you into the regulations tree. Great for spotting that most matches are, say, hardware laparoscopic devices — a cue to go back and filter.
How do you see which regulations dominate a search result set?
Click "Show Chart" and segment by Regulation Number. Clicking a regulation takes you to the regulations tree.
9. The predicate graph
Open the Predicates tab for a family-tree view of predicate relationships. Click a node to trace its parents and children; selections from search carry over pre-selected. Commonly predicated devices are worth reading — a lot of people predicated them for a reason. The visual lineage is also handy on client calls, e.g. to show how a predicate family evolved and justify why your predicate still holds.
In the predicate graph, why are commonly predicated devices worth reading?
A lot of people predicated them for a reason. Clicking a node traces parents and children, and selections from search carry over pre-selected.
10. Embeddings: the galaxy map
The Embeddings tab plots every matching document in a 2-D "galaxy map" where semantically similar devices cluster together. Hover or click clusters to explore, and let AI label the clusters for you. Embeddings beat product codes for grouping: two devices can carry different product codes (LLZ vs. QIH) yet do the same thing — the embedding captures the meaning of the intended use and device story. This is also exactly how retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) works under the hood, and it makes a great visual on client calls.
Try it yourself
Head to the search page and work through a few of these AI/ML fuzzy searches to build intuition: perivascular fat on CT · aortic valve calcification opportunistic screening on noncontrast CT · breast cancer prediction on digital pathology slides · autism detection · gestational age prediction · a hearing aid that can also detect a pulse · foundation model based analysis of ECG · large language models · penetration test. Watch how the relevance scores, intended use, and AI Performance tables tell you when results stop being meaningful.