Quantitative Total Extensible Imaging (QTxI) is a software tool used to aid in evaluation and information management of digital medical images by trained medical professionals including, but not limited to, radiologists, nuclear medicine physicians, medical imaging technologists, dosimetrists and physicists. The medical modical images include DICOM CT and PET as supported by ACR/NEMA DICOM 3.0. QTxI assists in the following indications: · Receive, store, retrieve, display and process digital medical images. - · Create, display and print reports from those images. · Provide medical professionals with the ability to display, register, and fuse medical images. · Identify Regions of Interest (ROIs) and perform ROI contouring allowing quantitative/statistical analysis of full or partial body scans. · Evaluate quantitative change in ROIs (total or partial body; individual) with 3D interactive rendering of images with highlighted ROIs.
Device Story
QTxI is a standalone software tool for medical imaging management and analysis; operates on Windows 7/10. Inputs: DICOM CT and PET images. Function: receives, stores, retrieves, displays, and processes images; performs image registration and fusion; identifies ROIs via contouring; performs quantitative/statistical analysis of full or partial body scans; generates 3D interactive renderings with highlighted ROIs. Output: processed images, quantitative reports, and 3D visualizations. Used in clinical settings by radiologists, nuclear medicine physicians, technologists, dosimetrists, and physicists. Healthcare providers use outputs to evaluate quantitative changes in ROIs, aiding clinical decision-making and patient follow-up.
Clinical Evidence
Bench testing only. No clinical data provided. Verification testing confirmed functional specifications, DICOM data integrity, and performance of image processing, registration, and ROI contouring modules.
Technological Characteristics
Standalone software application for Windows 7/10. Supports ACR/NEMA DICOM 3.0 standard for CT and PET modalities. Utilizes template-based registration and ROI contouring algorithms for quantitative analysis. Features 3D interactive rendering. No hardware components; software-only PACS functionality.
Indications for Use
Indicated for trained medical professionals (radiologists, nuclear medicine physicians, technologists, dosimetrists, physicists) to manage and evaluate digital DICOM CT and PET images. Used for image processing, registration, fusion, ROI identification/contouring, and quantitative analysis of full or partial body scans.
Regulatory Classification
Identification
A medical image management and processing system is a device that provides one or more capabilities relating to the review and digital processing of medical images for the purposes of interpretation by a trained practitioner of disease detection, diagnosis, or patient management. The software components may provide advanced or complex image processing functions for image manipulation, enhancement, or quantification that are intended for use in the interpretation and analysis of medical images. Advanced image manipulation functions may include image segmentation, multimodality image registration, or 3D visualization. Complex quantitative functions may include semi-automated measurements or time-series measurements.
Special Controls
*Classification.* Class II (special controls; voluntary standards—Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) Std., Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) Std., Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) Test Pattern).
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July 23rd, 2018
AIQ Solutions, Inc. % Mr. Mitch Lewandowski Principal/Consultant EpiReg LLC 3428 John Muir Drive MIDDLETON WI 53562
Re: K173444
Trade/Device Name: Quantitative Total Extensible Imaging (QTxI) Regulation Number: 21 CFR 892.2050 Regulation Name: Picture archiving and communications system Regulatory Class: II Product Code: LLZ Dated: June 8, 2018 Received: June 12, 2018
Dear Mr. Lewandowski:
We have reviewed your Section 510(k) premarket notification of intent to market the device referenced above and have determined the device is substantially equivalent (for the indications for use stated in the enclosure) to legally marketed predicate devices marketed in interstate commerce prior to May 28, 1976, the enactment date of the Medical Device Amendments, or to devices that have been reclassified in accordance with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (Act) that do not require approval of a premarket approval application (PMA). You may, therefore, market the device, subject to the general controls provisions of the Act. The general controls provisions of the Act include requirements for annual registration. Iisting of devices, good manufacturing practice, labeling, and prohibitions against misbranding and adulteration. Please note: CDRH does not evaluate information related to contract liability warranties. We remind you, however, that device labeling must be truthful and not misleading.
If your device is classified (see above) into either class II (Special Controls) or class III (PMA), it may be subject to additional controls. Existing major regulations affecting your device can be found in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Parts 800 to 898. In addition, FDA may publish further announcements concerning your device in the Federal Register.
Please be advised that FDA's issuance of a substantial equivalence determination does not mean that FDA has made a determination that your device complies with other requirements of the Act or any Federal statutes and regulations administered by other Federal agencies. You must comply with all the Act's requirements, including, but not limited to: registration and listing (21 CFR Part 807); labeling (21 CFR Part 801); medical device reporting of medical device-related adverse events) (21 CFR 803); good manufacturing practice requirements as set forth in the quality systems (QS) regulation (21 CFR Part 820); and if applicable, the electronic product radiation control provisions (Sections 531-542 of the Act); 21 CFR 1000-1050.
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Also, please note the regulation entitled, "Misbranding by reference to premarket notification" (21 CFR Part 807.97). For questions regarding the reporting of adverse events under the MDR regulation (21 CFR Part 803), please go to http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/Safety/ReportaProblem/default.htm.
For comprehensive regulatory information about mediation-emitting products, including information about labeling regulations, please see Device Advice (https://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/) and CDRH Learn (http://www.fda.gov/Training/CDRHLearn). Additionally, you may contact the Division of Industry and Consumer Education (DICE) to ask a question about a specific regulatory topic. See the DICE website (http://www.fda.gov/DICE) for more information or contact DICE by email (DICE@fda.hhs.gov) or phone (1-800-638-2041 or 301-796-7100).
Sincerely,
Jeff Bridges
Digitally signed by Jeffrey J.
Ballyns -S
ON: C=US, o=U.S. Government,
Du=HHS, ou=FDA, ou=People,
0.9.2342.19200300.100.1.1=200
0569725, cn=Jeffrey J. Ballyns -S
Date: 2018.07.23 10:41:24 -04'00'
for Robert Ochs, Ph.D. Director Division of Radiological Health Office of In Vitro Diagnostics and Radiological Health Center for Devices and Radiological Health
Enclosure
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## Indications for Use
510(k) Number (if known) K173444
Device Name
Quantitative Total Extensible Imaging (QTxI)
### Indications for Use (Describe)
Quantitative Total Extensible Imaging (QTxI) is a software tool used to aid in evaluation and information management of digital medical images by trained medical professionals including, but not limited to, radiologists, nuclear medicine physicians, medical imaging technologists, dosimetrists and physicists. The medical modical images include DICOM CT and PET as supported by ACR/NEMA DICOM 3.0.
QTxI assists in the following indications:
· Receive, store, retrieve, display and process digital medical images.
- · Create, display and print reports from those images.
· Provide medical professionals with the ability to display, register, and fuse medical images.
· Identify Regions of Interest (ROIs) and perform ROI contouring allowing quantitative/statistical analysis of full or partial body scans.
· Evaluate quantitative change in ROIs (total or partial body; individual) with 3D interactive rendering of images with highlighted ROIs.
| Type of Use (Select one or both, as applicable) | |
|-------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|
| Prescription Use (Part 21 CFR 801 Subpart D) | Over-The-Counter Use (21 CFR 801 Subpart C) |
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# 510(k) Summary
#### 1. 510(k) Owner:
AIQ Solutions Inc.
#### 2. Address:
8025 Excelsior Drive Madison, WI 53717
#### Contact Person: 3.
Mitch Lewandowski, M.S./ M.P.H; Principal Consultant Email: info@epireq.com Tel: 608 712-8585 Direct: 608 695-9333
#### Date 510(k) Summary Prepared: 4.
05 October 2017
#### 5. Trade Name:
Quantitative Total Extensible Imaging (QTxl) Medical Image and Information Management System
#### 6. Common Name:
Picture archiving and communication system
#### Classification Name: 7.
21 CFR 892.2050, Picture archiving and communication system (LLZ)
#### 8. Predicate Device(s):
Exini Diagnostics AB; EXINI, K122205
#### Device Description: 9.
Quantitative Total Extensible Imaging (QTxl) is a software tool designed for use in medical imaging. It is stand-alone software which operates on Windows 7 and Windows 10. Its intended function and use is to provide medical professionals with the means to display, register and fuse medical images from multiple modalities including DICOM PET and CT. Additionally, it identifies Regions of Interest (ROIs) and performs ROI contouring allowing quantitative/statistical analysis of full or partial-body scans through registration to template space.
QTxl is designed to support multiple image analysis modules. Each module is designed for a specific image analysis purpose. Currently QTxl includes only the Quantitative Total Bone Imaging (QTBI) module, which is designed to identify and measure hot-spots on PET scans. QTBI aids the efficiency of medical professionals through automatic quantification of ROIs and changes in those
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ROIs, including 3D interactive rendering of the patient skeleton with highlighted Regions of Interest.
QTxI also functions as a Picture Archive and Communications System (PACS) intended to receive, store, retrieve, display and process digital medical images, as well as create, display and print reports from those images. It also provides platform features for security, workflow and integration.
### 10. Indications for Use and Intended Use
Quantitative Total Extensible Imaging (QTxl) is a software tool used to aid in evaluation and information management of digital medical images by trained medical professionals including, but not limited to, radiologists, nuclear medicine physicians, medical imaging technologists, dosimetrists and physicists. The medical modalities of these medical images include DICOM CT and PET as supported by ACR/NEMA DICOM 3.0.
QTxl assists in the following indications:
- . Receive, store, retrieve, display and process digital medical images.
- . Create, display and print reports from those images.
- Provide medical professionals with the ability to display, register, and fuse ● medical images.
- . Identify Regions of Interest (ROls) and perform ROI contouring allowing quantitative/statistical analysis of full or partial body scans.
- . Evaluate quantitative change in ROIs (total or partial body; individual ROI within individual) with 3D interactive rendering of images with highlighted ROIs.
## 11. Technological Characteristics
QTxl has substantially equivalent indications for use, principle of operation, and technological characteristics as the Exini Diagnostics AB; EXINI, K122205.
The following table summarizes and compares data on the Exini Diagnostics AB; EXINI, K122205, and supporting predicate device MIMvista Corp. MIM4.1 (Seastar), K071964.
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| Specification /<br>Characteristic | Quantitative Total<br>Extensible Imaging (QTxl) | Exini Diagnostics AB;<br>EXINI, K122205 | MIMvista Corp.<br>MIM4.1 (Seastar), K071964 | Comparison to<br>Predicate(s) |
|---------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| | Subject Device | Predicate Device | Supporting Predicate Device | |
| Product Code | LLZ | LLZ | LLZ | No difference |
| Regulation<br>Number | 892.2050 | 892.2050 | 892.2050 | No difference |
| Regulatory<br>Class | II | II | II | No difference |
| Review Panel | Radiology | Radiology | Radiology | No difference |
| Predicate<br>Device | Exini Diagnostics AB;<br>EXINI (K122205) | MEQIA, IBIS Explorer and Markup<br>Software (K111319) | MIM4.0 (K060816); IKOEngelo<br>(K061006); Centricity PACS<br>(K043415) | N/A |
| 510(k)/ Type | K173444, Traditional | K122205, Traditional | K071964, Traditional | No difference |
| Features | Receive, store, retrieve, display<br>and process digital medical<br>images, as well as create,<br>display and print reports from<br>those images | Software tool set for acceptance, transfer,<br>storage, image display, manipulation and<br>quantification of digital medical images. | Receive, transmit, store, retrieve,<br>display, print and process digital<br>medical images, as well as create,<br>display and print reports from those<br>images | No difference |
| Medical<br>Modalities | DICOM CT and PET as<br>supported by<br>ACR/NEMA DICOM 3.0 | Nuclear imaging (NM) and computed<br>tomography (CT) as supported by<br>DICOM 3.0 standard. | CT, MRI, CR, DX, MG, US,<br>SPECT, PET and XA as supported<br>by ACR/NEMA DICOM 3.0. | QTXI does not utilize<br>as many medical<br>modalities as<br>predicate, but does<br>utilize equivalent<br>modalities in those<br>used by both systems. |
| Operating<br>System | Window 7 or Windows 10 | Microsoft Windows operating system | Windows 2000/XP | QTxl uses newer<br>versions of MicroSoft<br>Windows software |
| Methodology | Identifies Regions of Interest<br>(ROI) and performs ROI<br>contouring allowing<br>quantitative/statistical analysis<br>of full or partial-body scans<br>through registration to template<br>space | The device uses image processing<br>techniques for segmentation of skeletal<br>regions, normalization and hotspot<br>contouring/ segmentation. This device is<br>semi-automatic in that it requires a<br>manual step (hotspot verification step)<br>where the user reviews and edits the<br>selection of hotspots that are used as<br>input for quantitative analysis. The device<br>performs quantitative analysis based on<br>2D ROI (regions of interests)<br>measurements in whole body bone scans. | Generates contours using a<br>deformable registration technique<br>which registers pre-contoured<br>patients to target patients.<br>Registrations are either between a<br>serial pair of intra-patient volumes<br>or between a pre-existing atlas of<br>contoured patients and a patient<br>volume | All devices perform<br>centering analyses<br>utilizing a template<br>model. QTXI also<br>registers regions of the<br>patient. |
| Specification / Characteristic | Quantitative Total Extensible Imaging (QTxI)<br>Subject Device | Exini Diagnostics AB; EXINI, K122205<br>Predicate Device | MIMvista Corp.<br>MIM4.1 (Seastar), K071964<br>Supporting Predicate Device | Comparison to Predicate(s) |
| Indications for Use | Quantitative Total Extensible<br>Imaging (QTxI) is a software<br>tool used to aid in evaluation<br>and information management of<br>digital medical images by<br>trained medical professionals<br>including, but not limited to,<br>radiologists, oncologists,<br>nuclear medicine physicians,<br>medical imaging technologists,<br>dosimetrists and physicists. The<br>medical modalities of these<br>medical images include DICOM<br>CT and PET as supported by<br>ACR/NEMA DICOM 3.0.<br>QTxl assists in the following<br>indications:<br>Receive, store, retrieve,<br>display and process digital<br>medical images Create, display and print<br>reports from those images Provide medical<br>professionals with the<br>ability to display, register,<br>and fuse medical images | EXINI is intended to be used by trained<br>healthcare professionals and researchers<br>for acceptance, transfer, storage, image<br>display, manipulation, quantification and<br>reporting of digital medical images. The<br>system is intended to be used with images<br>acquired using nuclear imaging (NM) and<br>computed tomography (CT). The software<br>provides general<br>Picture Archiving and Communications<br>System (PACS) tools and a clinical<br>application for oncology including lesion<br>marking and analysis. | MIM 4.1 (SEASTAR) software is<br>used by trained medical<br>professionals as a tool to aid in<br>evaluation and information<br>management of digital medical<br>images. The medical image<br>modalities include, but are not<br>limited to, CT, MRI, CR, DX, MG,<br>US, SPECT, PET and XA as<br>supported by ACR/NEMA DICOM<br>3.0. MIM 4.1<br>(SEASTAR) assists in the following<br>indications:<br>Receive, transmit, store,<br>retrieve, display, print, and<br>process medical images and<br>DICOM objects. Create, display and print<br>reports from medical images. Registration, fusion display,<br>and review of medical images<br>for diagnosis, treatment,<br>evaluation, and treatment<br>planning. Evaluation of cardiac left<br>ventricular function and<br>perfusion, including left<br>ventricular end-diastolic<br>volume, end-systolic volume,<br>and ejection fraction. | All systems are used to<br>receive, store, retrieve,<br>display, and process<br>medical images and<br>DICOM objects.<br>This is accomplished<br>via registration to a<br>template space and<br>subsequent analysis of<br>the image data.<br>The predicate device<br>has multiple uses in<br>the therapeutic space,<br>which is not specific to<br>any device. |
| Specification /<br>Characteristic | Quantitative Total<br>Extensible Imaging (QTxI)<br>Subject Device | Exini Diagnostics AB;<br>EXINI, K122205<br>Predicate Device | MIMvista Corp.<br>MIM4.1 (Seastar), K071964<br>Supporting Predicate Device | Comparison to<br>Predicate(s) |
| Indications for<br>Use<br>(continued) | Identify Regions of<br>Interest (ROIs) and<br>perform ROI contouring<br>allowing quantitative/<br>statistical analysis of full or<br>partial body scans Evaluate quantitative<br>change in ROIs (total or<br>partial body; individual<br>ROI within individual) with<br>3D interactive rendering of<br>images with highlighted<br>ROIs. | | Localization and definition of<br>objects such as tumors and<br>normal tissues in medical<br>images. Creation, transformation, and<br>modification of contours for<br>applications including, but not<br>limited to, quantitative analysis,<br>aiding adaptive therapy,<br>transferring contours to<br>radiation therapy treatment<br>planning systems, and<br>archiving contours for patient<br>follow-up and management Quantitative and statistical<br>analysis of PET/SPECT brain<br>scans by comparing to other<br>registered PET/SPECT brainscans. | |
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## 12. Performance Data (Nonclinical)
QTxl is a software tool. Non-clinical performance bench tests and simulated clinical performance tests have been performed on the Quantitative Total Extensible Imaging (QTxl) in order to verify the device characteristics. Testing conducted to demonstrate substantial equivalence included:
- . Software verification testing that demonstrates the device meets product performance and functional specifications.
- . Software verification testing demonstrating that DICOM information collected with medical imaging systems and transmitted through manual or virtual input are captured, transmitted, and stored properly to maintain data integrity (e.g., no loss of data).
### 13. Conclusion
QTxl met all predetermined acceptance criteria of design verification and validation as specified by applicable standards, and test protocols.
The Quantitative Total Extensible Imaging (QTxl) software tool is substantially equivalent with respect to product performance, indications for use, intended use, scientific principles, technological characteristics, and materials, as the predicate device, Exini Diagnostics AB; EXINI, K122205.
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Part 1 — Search, results, and everyday workflows 16 min
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1. Search: exact and fuzzy
Type a phrase like "coronary artery calcification" into the search box. You get two kinds of results. Exact results match the literal phrase — prefix searches work ("coronary artery calcificati") but suffix searches do not. Fuzzy results match on the meaning and intent of your phrase rather than the exact words, and are sorted by relevance score. Hover over the Exact or Fuzzy badge on any row to see exactly why it matched.
Use the checkboxes above the results to narrow: SaMD keeps only software-only devices, AI / ML keeps only devices with AI.
Exact vs. fuzzy search: what's the difference?
Exact matches on the literal phrase (prefix search works, suffix does not). Fuzzy matches on the meaning and intent of the phrase rather than the exact words. Hover over the badge on any row to see why it matched.
You search "coronary artery calcification" and want only software devices with AI. What two filters do you apply?
Narrow by SaMD (software-only devices), then narrow by AI/ML (devices with AI).
2. The results table
Scroll right in the results table. The intended use is extracted for you — no need to open the PDF. The device story gives a high-level snapshot of what the device does and how it's used. The AI Performance sub-table shows each output name, acceptance criteria, observed values, and development/test dataset descriptions — the same format Innolitics uses for regulatory strategy outputs, and the fastest high-level fingerprint of an AI device. It is AI-generated but has been very reliable in practice.
Where do you find a device's intended use without opening the PDF?
Scroll right in the search results table. The intended use column is extracted for you; no need to dig into the 510(k) summary PDF.
What does the AI Performance sub-table show, and why is it useful?
Output name, acceptance criteria, observed values, development dataset description, and test dataset description. It's the same format we use for regulatory strategy output and Fast 510(k) input, and the fastest high-level fingerprint of an AI device. AI-generated but reliable in practice.
3. Judging fuzzy relevance
Fuzzy results trail off in relevance as you scroll. Use three signals to decide how far down to go: the fuzzy badge explanations, the intended use column, and whether your target output (e.g., Cobb angle) still appears in the AI Performance sub-table. Once it stops appearing, you're past the relevant zone. A top hit with a low score (~0.4) and a stretched explanation is a hint the closest predicates are far away — the project may be headed for De Novo. Note the fuzzy search is a pattern match: it doesn't handle negation ("not") well, and hardware devices can appear — filter by SaMD/AI ML to cut them.
How do you judge how far down fuzzy search results to go?
Use the relevancy signals: the fuzzy badge explanations, the intended use column, and whether the target output (e.g., Cobb angle) still appears in the AI Performance sub-table. Once it stops appearing, results are trailing off in relevancy.
4. Device detail page: chat and citations
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Reading rule for every project: how many summaries do you read in full?
At least the three most relevant 510(k) or De Novo summaries, in full. After that, use targeted chat questions to confirm your memory quickly. The tool supports this professional habit — it doesn't replace it.
5. Side-by-side comparison
Select multiple rows in the results table (aim for under ~10), then open the PDF Viewer tab. Ask one question — it goes to all selected devices in parallel, each with citations. This is the fastest way to compare and contrast devices: training data, PCCP scope, how they handled adding new scanners, and so on.
What does the side-by-side PDF viewer mode do?
Select multiple devices, open the PDF viewer tab, and ask one question (e.g., "Describe the training data"). It queries all selected devices simultaneously with citations, so you can compare and contrast quickly.
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With rows selected, go to the Collections tab and create a labeled collection (e.g., "Cobb Angle Project"). Reload that selection any time — before a client call, pull up the collection and ask questions across all of its devices at once.
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Select the rows, go to the Collections tab, and create a labeled collection (e.g., "Cobb Angle Project"). You can reload the selection anytime and carry it into the PDF viewer and other tabs that support selections.
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Click a product code in the results to jump to it in the regulations tree — identification text, sibling product codes, and devices you can open in a PDF viewer on the right. Click a regulation number to see its identification, special controls, and related product codes. You can also search by product code or regulation number at the top of the tree. Always read the special controls if any exist for your device — it broadens your search and sharpens pre-kickoff research.
What can you do from the regulations tree view?
Browse product codes and regulation numbers, read the identification text and special controls, browse sibling product codes, open device PDFs on the right, and search by product code or regulation number at the top of the tree.
8. Chart view
Click Show Chart and segment by regulation number (or product code) to see which regulations dominate your result set. Clicking a regulation takes you into the regulations tree. Great for spotting that most matches are, say, hardware laparoscopic devices — a cue to go back and filter.
How do you see which regulations dominate a search result set?
Click "Show Chart" and segment by Regulation Number. Clicking a regulation takes you to the regulations tree.
9. The predicate graph
Open the Predicates tab for a family-tree view of predicate relationships. Click a node to trace its parents and children; selections from search carry over pre-selected. Commonly predicated devices are worth reading — a lot of people predicated them for a reason. The visual lineage is also handy on client calls, e.g. to show how a predicate family evolved and justify why your predicate still holds.
In the predicate graph, why are commonly predicated devices worth reading?
A lot of people predicated them for a reason. Clicking a node traces parents and children, and selections from search carry over pre-selected.
10. Embeddings: the galaxy map
The Embeddings tab plots every matching document in a 2-D "galaxy map" where semantically similar devices cluster together. Hover or click clusters to explore, and let AI label the clusters for you. Embeddings beat product codes for grouping: two devices can carry different product codes (LLZ vs. QIH) yet do the same thing — the embedding captures the meaning of the intended use and device story. This is also exactly how retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) works under the hood, and it makes a great visual on client calls.
Try it yourself
Head to the search page and work through a few of these AI/ML fuzzy searches to build intuition: perivascular fat on CT · aortic valve calcification opportunistic screening on noncontrast CT · breast cancer prediction on digital pathology slides · autism detection · gestational age prediction · a hearing aid that can also detect a pulse · foundation model based analysis of ECG · large language models · penetration test. Watch how the relevance scores, intended use, and AI Performance tables tell you when results stop being meaningful.