FLASH Mini Ostial System - 3.0mm x 8mm x 135cm, FLASH Mini Ostial System - 3.5mm x 8mm x 135cm, FLASH Mini Ostial System - 4.0mm x 8mm x 135cm, FLASH Mini Ostial System - 4.5mm x 8mm x 135cm
FLASH Mini Ostial System - 3.0mm x 8mm x 135cm, FLASH Mini Ostial System - 3.5mm x 8mm x 135cm, FLASH Mini Ostial System - 4.0mm x 8mm x 135cm, FLASH Mini Ostial System - 4.5mm x 8mm x 135cm
Applicant
Ostial Corporation
Product Code
LOX · Cardiovascular
Decision Date
Feb 16, 2016
Decision
SESE
Submission Type
Traditional
Regulation
21 CFR 870.5100
Device Class
Class 2
Attributes
Therapeutic
Indications for Use
The FLASH Mini Ostial System is indicated for balloon dilatation of the stenotic portion of a coronary artery or bypass graft for the purpose of improving myocardial perfusion. The FLASH Mini Ostial System is also indicated for the post delivery expansion of balloon expandable stents within the coronary vasculature.
Device Story
The FLASH Mini Ostial System is a 0.014" guidewire-compatible, rapid exchange (RX) coronary angioplasty balloon catheter (135cm length). It features a dual-balloon design: a compliant proximal balloon to prevent distal migration and a semi-compliant high-pressure balloon for lesion dilatation and stent expansion. The system includes a 1.0cc accessory syringe with a pressure relief feature; this feature uses a hole in the barrel covered by compliant silicone tubing to vent fluid if pressure exceeds a threshold, preventing over-inflation of the proximal balloon during incorrect positioning. The device is used by clinicians in a cardiac catheterization setting. The pressure relief mechanism ensures safety by limiting proximal balloon expansion without altering the catheter's primary angioplasty function. The system is intended to improve myocardial perfusion and facilitate stent deployment.
Clinical Evidence
Bench testing only. No clinical data presented. Performance testing verified the functionality of the pressure relief syringe (minimum/maximum expansion pressure, leakage) and compatibility with the existing balloon catheter (inflation time, port compatibility). Biocompatibility and mechanical performance data from the predicate (K131450) remain valid.
Technological Characteristics
0.014" guidewire-compatible, rapid exchange (RX) coronary angioplasty balloon catheter. Dual-balloon design (compliant proximal, semi-compliant distal). Accessory 1.0cc syringe with pressure relief feature (vented barrel with silicone tubing). Materials are consistent with predicate K131450. Biocompatibility per ISO 10993. Mechanical testing includes balloon fatigue, burst pressure, crossing profile, and bond strength.
Indications for Use
Indicated for patients requiring balloon dilatation of stenotic coronary arteries or bypass grafts to improve myocardial perfusion, and for post-delivery expansion of balloon-expandable stents within the coronary vasculature.
Regulatory Classification
Identification
Standard PTCA Catheter: A PTCA catheter is a device that operates on the principle of hydraulic pressurization applied through an inflatable balloon attached to the distal end. A PTCA balloon catheter has a single or double lumen shaft. The catheter features a balloon of appropriate compliance for the clinical application, constructed from a polymer. The balloon is designed to uniformly expand to a specified diameter and length at a specific pressure as labeled, with well characterized rates of inflation and deflation and a defined burst pressure. The device generally features a type of radiographic marker to facilitate fluoroscopic visualization of the balloon during use. A PTCA catheter is intended for balloon dilatation of a hemodynamically significant coronary artery or bypass graft stenosis in patients evidencing coronary ischemia for the purpose of improving myocardial perfusion. A PTCA catheter may also be intended for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction; treatment of in-stent restenosis (ISR) and/or post-deployment stent expansion. Cutting/scoring PTCA Catheter: A cutting/scoring PTCA catheter is a balloon-tipped catheter with cutting/scoring elements attached, which is used in those circumstances where a high pressure balloon resistant lesion is encountered. A cutting/scoring PTCA catheter is intended for the treatment of hemodynamically significant coronary artery stenosis for the purpose of improving myocardial perfusion. A cutting/scoring PTCA catheter may also be indicated for use in complex type C lesions or for the treatment of in-stent restenosis.
Special Controls
*Classification.* Class II (special controls). The special control for this device is “Class II Special Controls Guidance Document for Certain Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA) Catheters.” See § 870.1(e) for the availability of this guidance document.(b)
*Cutting/scoring PTCA Catheter* —(1)*Identification.* A cutting/scoring PTCA catheter is a balloon-tipped catheter with cutting/scoring elements attached, which is used in those circumstances where a high pressure balloon resistant lesion is encountered. A cutting/scoring PTCA catheter is intended for the treatment of hemodynamically significant coronary artery stenosis for the purpose of improving myocardial perfusion. A cutting/scoring PTCA catheter may also be indicated for use in complex type C lesions or for the treatment of in-stent restenosis.(2)
*Classification.* Class III (premarket approval). As of May 28, 1976, an approval under section 515 of the act is required before this device may be commercially distributed. See § 870.3.
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Image /page/0/Picture/1 description: The image shows the logo for the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. The logo consists of a circular seal with the text "DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES - USA" around the perimeter. Inside the circle is a stylized image of three human profiles facing to the right, stacked on top of each other.
Food and Drug Administration 10903 New Hampshire Avenue Document Control Center - WO66-G609 Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002
February 16, 2016
Ostial Corporation Jake Wolenberg Quality Assurance and Regulatory Affairs Manager 1221 Innsbruck Drive Sunnyvale, CA 94089
Re: K152485
Trade/Device Name: FLASH Mini Ostial System (3.0mm x 8mm x 135cm, 3.5mm x 8mm x 135cm, 4.0mm x 8mm x 135cm, and 4.5mm x 8mm x 135cm) Regulation Number: 21 CFR 870.5100 Regulation Name: Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA) Catheter Regulatory Class: Class II Product Code: LOX Dated: January 25, 2016 Received: January 27, 2016
Dear Mr. Wolenberg:
We have reviewed your Section 510(k) premarket notification of intent to market the device referenced above and have determined the device is substantially equivalent (for the indications for use stated in the enclosure) to legally marketed predicate devices marketed in interstate commerce prior to May 28, 1976, the enactment date of the Medical Device Amendments, or to devices that have been reclassified in accordance with the provisions of the Federal Food. Drug, and Cosmetic Act (Act) that do not require approval of a premarket approval application (PMA). You may, therefore, market the device, subject to the general controls provisions of the Act. The general controls provisions of the Act include requirements for annual registration, listing of devices, good manufacturing practice, labeling, and prohibitions against misbranding and adulteration. Please note: CDRH does not evaluate information related to contract liability warranties. We remind you, however, that device labeling must be truthful and not misleading.
If your device is classified (see above) into either class II (Special Controls) or class III (PMA), it may be subject to additional controls. Existing major regulations affecting your device can be found in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Parts 800 to 898. In addition, FDA may publish further announcements concerning your device in the Federal Register.
Please be advised that FDA's issuance of a substantial equivalence determination does not mean that FDA has made a determination that your device complies with other requirements of the Act or any Federal statutes and regulations administered by other Federal agencies. You must comply with all the Act's requirements, including, but not limited to: registration and listing (21 CFR Part 807); labeling (21 CFR Part 801); medical device reporting (reporting of medical devicerelated adverse events) (21 CFR 803); good manufacturing practice requirements as set forth in
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Page 2 - Jake Wolenberg
the quality systems (OS) regulation (21 CFR Part 820); and if applicable, the electronic product radiation control provisions (Sections 531-542 of the Act); 21 CFR 1000-1050.
If you desire specific advice for your device on our labeling regulation (21 CFR Part 801), please contact the Division of Industry and Consumer Education at its toll-free number (800) 638-2041 or (301) 796-7100 or at its Internet address
http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/ResourcesforYou/Industry/default.htm. Also, please note the regulation entitled, "Misbranding by reference to premarket notification" (21 CFR Part 807.97). For questions regarding the reporting of adverse events under the MDR regulation (21 CFR Part 803), please go to
http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/Safety/ReportaProblem/default.htm for the CDRH's Office of Surveillance and Biometrics/Division of Postmarket Surveillance.
You may obtain other general information on your responsibilities under the Act from the Division of Industry and Consumer Education at its toll-free number (800) 638-2041 or (301) 796-7100 or at its Internet address
http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/ResourcesforYou/Industry/default.htm.
Sincerely yours,
Kenneth J. Cavanaugh -S
for
for Bram D. Zuckerman, M.D. Director Division of Cardiovascular Devices Office of Device Evaluation Center for Devices and Radiological Health
Enclosure
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# Indications for Use
510(k) Number (if known) K152485
Device Name FLASH Mini Ostial System
Indications for Use (Describe)
The FLASH Mini Ostial System is indicated for balloon dilatation of the stenotic portion of a coronary artery or bypass graft for the purpose of improving myocardial perfusion. The FLASH Mini Ostial System is also indicated for the post delivery expansion of balloon expandable stents within the coronary vasculature.
| Type of Use (Select one or both, as applicable) | |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| <span style="font-size: 10pt;">☑</span> Prescription Use (Part 21 CFR 801 Subpart D) | <span style="font-size: 10pt;">☐</span> Over-The-Counter Use (21 CFR 801 Subpart C) |
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Image /page/3/Picture/0 description: The image shows the logo for Ostial Corporation. The logo consists of a geometric shape on the left and the company name on the right. The geometric shape is a stylized flower or star-like design with alternating blue and gray segments. The word "Ostial" is in gray, and the word "corporation" is in blue, with a blue line separating the two words.
Ostial Corporation 510(k) Notification: FLASH Mini Ostial System Pressure Relief Syringe
Ostial Corporation 1221 Innsbruck Drive Sunnyvale, CA 94089 t. (408) 541-1006 f. (408) 541-1007
# 510(k) Summary FLASH Mini Ostial System 1.0cc Accessory Syringe Component Modification to Include a Pressure Relief Feature
# A. Submitter Information
Submitter's Name: Address:
Telephone: Fax: Email: Contact Person: Date of Preparation:
# B. Subject Device
Proprietary Name: Common/Usual Name: Classification Name:
Product Code:
# C. Predicate Device Name
Proprietarv Name: 510(k) #'s: Common/Usual Name: Classification Name:
Product Code:
Ostial Corporation 1221 Innsbruck Drive Sunnyvale, CA 94089 408-541-1006 408-541-1007 jwolenberg@ostialcorp.com Jake Wolenberg August 20, 2015
FLASH Mini Ostial System PTCA Catheter Catheters, Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty, Percutaneous LOX per 21 C.F.R. 870.5100
FLASH Mini Ostial System K131450 PTCA Catheter Catheters, Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty, Percutaneous LOX per 21 C.F.R. 870.5100
# D. Device Description:
The FLASH Mini Ostial System is a 0.014" guidewire-compatible, rapid exchange (RX) coronary angioplasty balloon catheter with a working length of 135cm. The FLASH Mini Ostial System uses a dual balloon design that features a complaint Proximal Balloon which prevents distal migration of the balloon during angioplasty. The second semi-compliant higher-pressure balloon allows for luminal dilatation of de novo lesions and post deployment stent expansion.
The FLASH Mini Ostial System is packaged with two accessory syringes. A standard 10cc syringe intended for use in deflation of the Proximal Balloon and a 1.0cc syringe with a pressure relief feature intended for use in inflation of the Proximal Balloon. The pressure relief feature is intended to improve patient safety by limiting the maximum achievable pressure in the Proximal Balloon if the user attempts to inflate the Proximal Balloon when incorrectly positioned.
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Image /page/4/Picture/0 description: The image contains the logo for Ostial Corporation. The logo consists of a circular design on the left, resembling a stylized flower or gear, with alternating light blue and gray elements. To the right of the circular design is the word "Ostial" in a dark gray sans-serif font, with the word "corporation" in a light blue sans-serif font underneath, separated by a horizontal line.
Ostial Corporation 510(k) Notification: FLASH Mini Ostial System Pressure Relief Svringe
Ostial Corporation 1221 Innsbruck Drive Sunnyvale, CA 94089 t. (408) 541-1006 f. (408) 541-1007
# E. Intended Use:
The FLASH Mini Ostial System is indicated for balloon dilatation of the stenotic portion of a coronary artery or bypass graft for the purpose of improving myocardial perfusion. The FLASH Mini Ostial System is also indicated for the post delivery expansion of balloon expandable stents within the coronary vasculature.
# F. Summary of Similarities and Differences in Technological Characteristics, Performance and Intended Use:
There are no changes being made to the balloon catheters or the 10cc accessory portions of the FLASH Mini Ostial System. The only change being proposed in this traditional 510(k) is the incorporation of a pressure relief feature for the 1.0cc accessory syringe component intended to be used to inflate the Proximal Balloon.
The pressure relief feature is achieved by creating a small hole in barrel of the 1.0cc syringe. A piece of complaint silicone tubing is secured over the hole. When the pressure in the syringe exceeds a certain level, fluid leaves through the hole and starts to fill the silicone tubing instead of the Proximal Balloon. This limits the maximum pressure achievable in the Proximal Balloon to a level that will not result in significant expansion, even if the user inflates the balloons while the device is incorrectly positioned.
The incorporation of the pressure relief feature to the 1.0cc accessory syringe component does not affect the device's operating principles or mechanism of action (the balloon catheters remain exactly the same and 1.0cc syringe still functions via manual depression of a plunger). In addition, the same materials and processes used to make the currently cleared FLASH Mini Ostial System are used for the 1.0cc accessory syringe component with the pressure relief feature.
The addition of the pressure relief feature does not affect the intended use of the FLASH Mini Ostial System. The Indications for Use remain exactly the same.
The Pressure Relief Svringe is intended to be packaged with all of the device sizes in the FLASH Mini Ostial System product family currently cleared under 510(k) # K131450. A summary of the currently cleared device sizes can be found in the table below.
| 510(k)<br>Number | Clearance<br>Date | Device Sizes1 |
|------------------|-------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| K131450 | August 6, 2013 | 3.0mm x 8mm x 135cm<br>3.5mm x 8mm x 135cm<br>4.0mm x 8mm x 135cm<br>4.5mm x 8mm x 135cm |
|--|
Note 1 - Balloon Diameter x Balloon Length x Catheter Length
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Image /page/5/Picture/0 description: The image contains the logo for Ostial Corporation. The logo consists of a circular design on the left, resembling a stylized flower or gear, with alternating light blue and gray segments. To the right of the circular design is the word "Ostial" in a gray, sans-serif font. Below "Ostial" is the word "corporation" in a smaller, light blue font, underlined with a light blue line.
Ostial Corporation 510(k) Notification: FLASH Mini Ostial System Pressure Relief Syringe
#### Ostial Corporation 1221 Innsbruck Drive Sunnyvale, CA 94089 t. (408) 541-1006 f. (408) 541-1007
# G. Previously Presented Performance Data:
As there are no changes being made to the FLASH Mini Ostial System balloon catheters, the previously collected performance data presented in special 510(k) K131450 remains valid. The previously presented data has been summarized for reference below. Note that as the data remains unchanged, it is not presented in the main body of this traditional 510(k). Please refer to Special 510(k) K131450 for this data.
# Balloon Catheter Performances Data Previously Presented in 510(k) K131450
Biocompatibility testing has previously been completed on product equivalent to the FLASH Mini Ostial System. Requirements for biological evaluation of the proposed device were based on the Blue Book Memorandum issued on May 1, 1995, Use of International Standard ISO-10993, "Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices, Part 1: Evaluation and Testing." The biocompatibility test results show that the materials used in the design and manufacture of the components of the proposed device are non-toxic and non-sensitizing to biological tissues consistent with its intended use. The following biocompatibility tests were completed:
- ISO MEM Elution Assay
- ASTM Hemolysis Assay
- Complement Activation C3a and SC5b-9 Assay ●
- . Thromboresistance Evaluation
- Materials Mediated Rabbit Pyrogen
- ISO Guinea Pig Maximization Sensitization
- ISO Acute Systemic Injection Test ●
- . ISO Intracutaneous Reactivity Test
- Pyrogen (LAL) Chromogenic ●
The FLASH Mini Ostial System or product equivalent was evaluated using the following in-vitro performance bench testing to confirm the performance characteristics as compared to the product performance requirements:
- . Balloon Crossing Profile
- Catheter Shaft Diameter
- Catheter Working Length
- Catheter Inner Diameter ●
- Angioplasty Balloon Rated Burst Pressure ●
- . Proximal Balloon Burst Volume
- Angioplasty Balloon Compliance
- . Balloon Inflation Time
- Balloon Deflation Time
- Angioplasty Balloon Rated Burst Pressure (in 0 Stent)
- Proximal Balloon Burst Volume (in Stent)
- Angioplasty Balloon Fatigue
- Proximal Balloon Fatigue ●
- Catheter Bond Strength
- Catheter Tip Pull Strength
- Catheter Torque Strength ●
- Simulated Use
- Flexibility and Kink Resistance o
- Radiopacity ●
- Angioplasty Balloon Fatigue (in Stent) ●
- Proximal Balloon Fatigue (in Stent) ●
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Image /page/6/Picture/0 description: The image shows the logo for Ostial Corporation. The logo consists of a stylized, interconnected ring on the left, with the word "Ostial" in gray to the right of the ring. Below "Ostial" is a blue line, and below that is the word "corporation" in blue. The ring is made up of alternating blue and gray segments.
Ostial Corporation 510(k) Notification: FLASH Mini Ostial System Pressure Relief Syringe
# H. New Performance Data:
As the purpose of this Traditional 510(k) is to request clearance for the incorporation of a pressure relief feature for the 1.0cc accessory syringe component included with the FLASH Mini Ostial System product line, the performance data presented herein focuses on the functionality of the pressure relief feature and ensuring that the syringe remains compatible with the balloon catheter.
The 1.0cc accessory syringe components with the pressure relief feature, herein referred to as the Pressure Relief Syringe, were evaluated for the following in-vitro and performance bench testing to confirm the performance characteristics as compared to the product performance requirements:
Pressure Relief Syringe Performance Requirements
- Minimum Expansion Pressure ●
- Maximum Expansion Pressure .
- Freedom from Leakage o
Balloon Catheter Compatibility Requirements
- Proximal Balloon Inflation Time ●
- Simulated Use and Proximal Balloon Inflation Port Compatibility .
All test results demonstrate that the pressure relief feature does not impact the use of the device under normal operating conditions. Additionally, the test result demonstrates that the Pressure Relief Syringe consistently limits the maximum pressure that can be achieved in the Proximal Balloon.
#### I. Conclusions:
All test results demonstrated that the accessory Pressure Relief Syringe component of the FLASH Mini Ostial System meets all predetermined design verification and validation acceptance criteria necessary to verify safe and consistent performance of the Pressure Relief Syringe. As such, Ostial Corporation is requesting clearance for the addition of the pressure relief feature to the 1.0cc inflation syringe included with all FLASH Mini Ostial System device sizes, which were most recently cleared via Premarket Notification 510(k) #K131450 on August 6, 2013.
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Part 1 — Search, results, and everyday workflows 16 min
Part 2 — Embeddings: the galaxy map 3 min
1. Search: exact and fuzzy
Type a phrase like "coronary artery calcification" into the search box. You get two kinds of results. Exact results match the literal phrase — prefix searches work ("coronary artery calcificati") but suffix searches do not. Fuzzy results match on the meaning and intent of your phrase rather than the exact words, and are sorted by relevance score. Hover over the Exact or Fuzzy badge on any row to see exactly why it matched.
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Exact vs. fuzzy search: what's the difference?
Exact matches on the literal phrase (prefix search works, suffix does not). Fuzzy matches on the meaning and intent of the phrase rather than the exact words. Hover over the badge on any row to see why it matched.
You search "coronary artery calcification" and want only software devices with AI. What two filters do you apply?
Narrow by SaMD (software-only devices), then narrow by AI/ML (devices with AI).
2. The results table
Scroll right in the results table. The intended use is extracted for you — no need to open the PDF. The device story gives a high-level snapshot of what the device does and how it's used. The AI Performance sub-table shows each output name, acceptance criteria, observed values, and development/test dataset descriptions — the same format Innolitics uses for regulatory strategy outputs, and the fastest high-level fingerprint of an AI device. It is AI-generated but has been very reliable in practice.
Where do you find a device's intended use without opening the PDF?
Scroll right in the search results table. The intended use column is extracted for you; no need to dig into the 510(k) summary PDF.
What does the AI Performance sub-table show, and why is it useful?
Output name, acceptance criteria, observed values, development dataset description, and test dataset description. It's the same format we use for regulatory strategy output and Fast 510(k) input, and the fastest high-level fingerprint of an AI device. AI-generated but reliable in practice.
3. Judging fuzzy relevance
Fuzzy results trail off in relevance as you scroll. Use three signals to decide how far down to go: the fuzzy badge explanations, the intended use column, and whether your target output (e.g., Cobb angle) still appears in the AI Performance sub-table. Once it stops appearing, you're past the relevant zone. A top hit with a low score (~0.4) and a stretched explanation is a hint the closest predicates are far away — the project may be headed for De Novo. Note the fuzzy search is a pattern match: it doesn't handle negation ("not") well, and hardware devices can appear — filter by SaMD/AI ML to cut them.
How do you judge how far down fuzzy search results to go?
Use the relevancy signals: the fuzzy badge explanations, the intended use column, and whether the target output (e.g., Cobb angle) still appears in the AI Performance sub-table. Once it stops appearing, results are trailing off in relevancy.
4. Device detail page: chat and citations
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Reading rule for every project: how many summaries do you read in full?
At least the three most relevant 510(k) or De Novo summaries, in full. After that, use targeted chat questions to confirm your memory quickly. The tool supports this professional habit — it doesn't replace it.
5. Side-by-side comparison
Select multiple rows in the results table (aim for under ~10), then open the PDF Viewer tab. Ask one question — it goes to all selected devices in parallel, each with citations. This is the fastest way to compare and contrast devices: training data, PCCP scope, how they handled adding new scanners, and so on.
What does the side-by-side PDF viewer mode do?
Select multiple devices, open the PDF viewer tab, and ask one question (e.g., "Describe the training data"). It queries all selected devices simultaneously with citations, so you can compare and contrast quickly.
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With rows selected, go to the Collections tab and create a labeled collection (e.g., "Cobb Angle Project"). Reload that selection any time — before a client call, pull up the collection and ask questions across all of its devices at once.
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What can you do from the regulations tree view?
Browse product codes and regulation numbers, read the identification text and special controls, browse sibling product codes, open device PDFs on the right, and search by product code or regulation number at the top of the tree.
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Click Show Chart and segment by regulation number (or product code) to see which regulations dominate your result set. Clicking a regulation takes you into the regulations tree. Great for spotting that most matches are, say, hardware laparoscopic devices — a cue to go back and filter.
How do you see which regulations dominate a search result set?
Click "Show Chart" and segment by Regulation Number. Clicking a regulation takes you to the regulations tree.
9. The predicate graph
Open the Predicates tab for a family-tree view of predicate relationships. Click a node to trace its parents and children; selections from search carry over pre-selected. Commonly predicated devices are worth reading — a lot of people predicated them for a reason. The visual lineage is also handy on client calls, e.g. to show how a predicate family evolved and justify why your predicate still holds.
In the predicate graph, why are commonly predicated devices worth reading?
A lot of people predicated them for a reason. Clicking a node traces parents and children, and selections from search carry over pre-selected.
10. Embeddings: the galaxy map
The Embeddings tab plots every matching document in a 2-D "galaxy map" where semantically similar devices cluster together. Hover or click clusters to explore, and let AI label the clusters for you. Embeddings beat product codes for grouping: two devices can carry different product codes (LLZ vs. QIH) yet do the same thing — the embedding captures the meaning of the intended use and device story. This is also exactly how retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) works under the hood, and it makes a great visual on client calls.
Try it yourself
Head to the search page and work through a few of these AI/ML fuzzy searches to build intuition: perivascular fat on CT · aortic valve calcification opportunistic screening on noncontrast CT · breast cancer prediction on digital pathology slides · autism detection · gestational age prediction · a hearing aid that can also detect a pulse · foundation model based analysis of ECG · large language models · penetration test. Watch how the relevance scores, intended use, and AI Performance tables tell you when results stop being meaningful.