A Colposcope is a device designed to permit viewing of the tissues of the vagina and cervix by a telescopic system located outside the vagina. A Colposcope is used to diagnose and examine abnormalities of the vagina and cervix. The patient's population for which the Colposcope is intended is any person of the feminine sex.
Device Story
The DFV Colposcope is a telescopic optical instrument used by physicians in clinical settings to visualize vaginal and cervical tissues. The device consists of a microscope head mounted on a stand, utilizing a Galilean optical system with adjustable magnification and illumination (15V-150W lamp). The physician operates the device manually, using gear rack and pinion mechanisms for micro-focusing and stand adjustments to position the objective lens. By providing magnified, illuminated views of the anatomy, the colposcope assists the clinician in identifying abnormalities, thereby supporting diagnostic decision-making and patient management.
Clinical Evidence
Bench testing only. Evidence consists of technical specifications, optical performance data (resolution in line-pairs/mm, depth of field measurements), and physical characterization of the optical system.
Technological Characteristics
Galilean optical system; 300mm objective; 12.5x wide-field eyepieces; manual gear rack and pinion focus; 15V-150W illumination; materials include brass, aluminum, steel, plastic, and optical glass. Stand-mounted; non-networked; manual operation.
Indications for Use
Indicated for examination and diagnosis of vaginal and cervical tissue abnormalities in female patients.
Regulatory Classification
Identification
A colposcope is a device designed to permit direct viewing of the tissues of the vagina and cervix by a telescopic system located outside the vagina. It is used to diagnose abnormalities and select areas for biopsy. This generic type of device may include a light source, cables, and component parts.
Special Controls
*Classification.* Class II (special controls). The device, when it is a standard colposcope (or colpomicroscope) that uses only a white light source, does not use filters other than a green filter, does not include image analysis software, and is not smartphone-based, is exempt from the premarket notification procedures in subpart E of part 807 of this chapter subject to the limitations in § 884.9.
{0}------------------------------------------------
KD21854
OCT 2 5 2002
DFV-FDA CPG May 2002
#### 2.h. 510(k) Summary
- 1) Submitter's name: D.F.Vasconcellos S.A. Address: Avenida Indianópolis, 1706 - São Paulo - SP - Brasil Contact person: Gilberto Alves Barral Phone number: 11-55-11-5584 0411 E-mail: diretoria@dfv.com.br Date: 05/27/2002 2) Device's Name: DFV CPG Colposcope
- Proprietary Name: D.F.Vasconcellos S.A. Usual Name: Colposcope Classification Name: Colposcope
# 3) Devices substantially equivalent
There are many others devices already registered on FDA, substantially equivalent to Colposcope DFV, with the same physical and technical characteristics. The structure and material of devices are the same too. See the table above:
| Device Name | Applicant Name | 510(k)<br>Number |
|----------------------------------|----------------------------------|------------------|
| Leica Colposcope | Leica Microscopy Systems | K000707 |
| Leisegang Video Colposcope | Netoptix Corp. | K981958 |
| IMT Loupe-Colposcope | Inventive Medical Technol | K963593 |
| Video Colposcope/vertical | Welch Allyn, Inc. | K955635 |
| Colposcopes and accessories | Leisegang Medical, Inc. | K940094 |
| HM-0690 Colposcope | Hill-Med, Inc. | K932896 |
| Jedmed KP6 Colposcope | Jedmed Instrument Co. | K884934 |
| Wallach Convertible Colposcope | Wallach Surgical Devices | K871682 |
| Wallach Zoom Colposcope | Wallach Surgical Devices | K853389 |
| OCS-2 Colposcope | Olympus Corp. | K852980 |
| Colposcope Model II | Dynatech Cryomedical Co. | K770896 |
| Colposcope System | Richard Wolf Medical Instruments | K770697 |
| Dynatech JD7/JD7P Colposcope | Dynatech Cryomedical Co. | K761205 |
| Colposcope (Dynatech Colposcope) | Dynatech Cryomedical Co. | K760763 |
{1}------------------------------------------------
一
# 4) Description of the Device
| Part | Function | Design |
|-----------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------|
| Stands | Serves to support the microscope head | Brass, aluminum, plastic, steel |
| Power supply | Supplies illumination to the microscope<br>head | Electronic components, lamps, fiber optic cable |
| Microscope head | Amplifies and illuminates the human body<br>region, which will be examined or<br>observed by the physician | Brass, aluminum, steel, optical glass, plastic |
# Physical characteristics:
| Colposcope | Galilean system |
|------------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| Binoculars | Straight Porro type 160 mm |
| Objective | 300 mm |
| Eyepieces | Wide field type 12.5x adjustable |
| Magnifications | See table on page 9 |
| Observation field | See table on page 9 |
| Illuminated field | See table on page 9 |
| Interpupillary distance | 55-75 mm |
| Illumination field | Lamp 15V - 150W |
| Macro focus | With stand set movement |
| Micro focus | Gear rack and pinion manual |
| Head weight | 3.8 kg to 6.0 kg |
| Vertical stroke | 250 mm |
| Height between floor and objective | 950 mm |
| Stand set weight | 7 kg |
{2}------------------------------------------------
# Resolution (reticule USAF 51):
| Selector position | A | B | C | D | E |
|-------------------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|
| Resolved block | 4-3 | 4-6 | 5-4 | 5-6 | 6-2 |
| Line-pairs/mm | 20 | 28 | 45 | 56 | 72 |
# Depth of field (reticule USAF 51 and comparator clock):
| Selector position | A | B | C | D | E |
|---------------------|-----|----|----|----|----|
| Depth of field (mm) | ~15 | ~9 | ~3 | ~2 | ~1 |
Image /page/2/Figure/5 description: The image shows a graph titled "DISTORTION (%)". The y-axis ranges from -10 to 10, while the x-axis is not labeled. A curve starts near zero and gradually increases to a value near 10 as x increases.
# 5) Intended use of the device
A Colposcope is a device designed to permit viewing of the tissues of the vagina and cervix by a telescopic system located outside the vagina. A Colposcope is used to diagnose and examine abnormalities of the vagina and cervix. The patient's population for which the Colposcope is intended is any person of the feminine sex.
#### 6) Not applicable
{3}------------------------------------------------
| | | | | | | | 8 % % % % | | | ದರ | 19 | | | । ਹਵਾਲੇ ਇੱਕ | 89 | | ਣ ਬ ਉਣ | | ાં આવેલું એક ગામનાં લોકોનો | | | |
|----------|-----|---------------|---------------|---------------|-----------------|-----------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------|-------|-----------|---------------|---------|----------------|---------------|----------------|-----|------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------|----------------------|---------------|--|
| | | | 160 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | field | 125 | 32 | 18 | | ਡ ਡੇ | | | 32 | 18 | | ତୀୟ ୨୦୧ | | ស់នៃ ខេត្ត ខេត | | | | | | ರ | |
| | 400 | | f160 | | | | 0 0 4 2 0 | | | വ സ്വാധ ഈ | | | | | | | | లు లు అల్లి ది | | | | |
| | | magnification | 125 | | | | - u w w a u w a r 5 | | | | | | | | | | | ധ പ ര ര വ | | ા છો | | |
| | | | 1160 | | ട് ഒട്ട് പ്രേ ശ | | | ਵਟ | gl | 90 | | | ន និង ខេ | 15 | ર્સ | | ణ స | | 13 | 8 | | |
| | | field | f125 | | รี รับ เ | | | 29 | 6 | 115 | 94 | LP | 29 | 6 l | દર્શા | | ਕਤੇ | ਉਟ | 1 e | ﺎ ﺗﺎ | | |
| | 350 | | 1160 | | | | U W U F = | | | N 4 60 0 | | | | | র । | | | 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 | | | ങ്ങ | |
| | | magnification | 125 | | | | N N 4 0 0 ( 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | | | | | | | | ಲ | | | 4 × 50 | | | | |
| | | | | 1160 | ର ସଙ୍ଗୀତ ୨୮ | | | ົວ ວັ | | 81 | ୍ତ | ਟੂਰ | റി | દા | | র ব | છે. ઉટ | | ﺎ ﻟ | L | | |
| | | field | | 125 | ට පිට | | છે છે રે | | 91 | 66 | ട്ട | Op | 25 | | ા સ્ટ | ട്ട | ਨ ਦੇ ਹੋ ਪਵ | | 6 Pr | | | |
| | 300 | | | 1160 | | | വസ്ത്രത്ത | | | ಒ | | | 4 ← | | 17 | ਪ | r - | | 17 | 27 | 75 | |
| | | magnification | | 125 | | | น เมื่อ ปี พ.ศ. 2 | | | ਟ | | | | സ് ഗ്രാമസ | | | | സ് സ്ഥയു | | 21 | | |
| SE | | | | 1160 | ട്ട | | ਉਹ | 1 6 | 11 | ട്ട | রে | | 91 95 | | ﺎ ﻟﻠ | 37 | | റ്റു ഗ്രാമ്പ്യ | | | | |
| LEN | | field | | f125 | | | ន ផ្លូវ និង និង | | | | റ്റ് റ്റ് 62 | | | ਲ ਹੈ ਜ | | 45 | | 日 67 67 | | ﻠ | | |
| BJECTIVE | 250 | | | 1160 | | | ಲ 4 ಒಂದಿ ಪ | | | | | | ల గ్రామం గ్రా | | 20 | ഗ ധ | | 13 | | ਟ ਦੇ ਇ | 62 | |
| | | | magnification | | ે જિહ | | | റ്റ് സ് ഗ്ര ഗ്ല | | | ్ర | | ﮨﺎ ﮨ | | ﺎ ﻟ | しい | ムレー | | | ムレ | ਉਣ | |
| | | | | f160 | ਨ ਦੇ ਇੱਕ | | । ਟੁ | | ସ ପ୍ର | ਟੈੱਡ | | وي | | દા | 8 | | | | | อ อย ซึ่ง หาร | | |
| | | field | | f125 | દક | প্র | | とし ここで | ﺎ ﻟ | દર્ભ | | টি | 27 | ﺎ ﺗﺎ | | 37 | 25 | | | ഗ്ഗം ഗു ത ശ | | |
| | 200 | | | 1160 | | | లు అంది పై | | 0ਟ | | | | 4 @ 5 | 91 | SZ | ﺎ | 0 l | 1 은 | | श्र दें दे | ട്രാ | |
| | | | magnification | 125 | | | ω 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | | | | | | | | ਨੇ | | | ഗ്രാമ്പ് സ്വീകരിച്ചു. അവലംബം പ്രവുമായി പ്രവുമായി പ്രവുമായി പ്രവുമായി പ്രവുമായി പ്രവുമായി പ്രവുമായി പ്രവുമായി പ്രവുമായി പ്രവുമായി പ്രവും പ്രവുമാന്തിനും പ്രവുമാന്തിനും പ്രവുമാ | | ਵਿੱਚ | | |
| | | | | 160 | | ਦੀ ਹੈ। ਉਸ | 18 | 11 | ﺴﺎ | । ਵੀ | | 29 | 8 ↓ | 11 | L | | ﺎﺕ ﻭﻕ | | | ০ ত ব | | |
| | | | field | 125 | 58 | ಕ್ಕೆ | 24 | Si | 0 ﺗ | ട്ക | | 38 | ਡ ਵ | ol Gi | | 33 | | | | പ്പോൾ ഗ്ല | | |
| | | | | f160 | 4 | 9 | ರಿ | 15 | 26 | S | | 1 | 11 | 1 છ | 29 | L | 11 | 18 | 30 | 46 | | |
| | | | | nagnification | 125 | ల | 9 | 1 | ਟ | 17 | P | | 9 | ರ | ടി | 23 | 9 | ರಿ | 14 | 23 | 35 | |
| | | | | 1160 | 26 | 11 | | 9 | 4 | | 26 | 17 | | 9 | 4 | ഹ | 0 | 9 | A | ਟ | | |
| | | | field | 125 | રૂટિ | 23 | 14 | ರಿ | 9 | | રૂટ | 23 | 14 | 6 | 9 | 20 | 13 | 8 | ು | € | | |
| | | | | 1160 | | 10 | 1 B | 26 | 40 | | 8 | ાં રે | 20 | 33 | ടവ | 13 | 20 | ਟ ਦੇ | ਟ ਤ | 80 | 25 | |
| | | | agnificatio | 125 | S | L | ਟ | 1 ਤੇ | | 29 | 0 | 10 | പു | 25 | ਤੰਬ | 10 | 15 | ਸਟ | ಕ್ಕೆ ಕ | 63 | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | POSITION | BUTTON | | | ക്ക് വിട്ടു ആവശ്യ വിവിച്ചു. വിവ്യക്ഷിക്കുന്നു. 1990 ലെ വിവ്യാവിയ 1990 ലെ വിള | | | 40 (2.5) | 6 (0.4) | 0 (0.6) | 16 (1.0) | 25 (1.6) | 40 (2.5) | | | ופי ה) נפוצות המופים של מורים (היסטורים של משום של שנו של שנו של שנו של שנו של שלים (מילים של מיני (מיני מושים של שנו של שנו של שלים) מילים שלום ליני (מילים שלום שלום (מילים | | 25 (1.6)<br>40 (2.5) | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | LUMINATED FIE | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | EPIECI | | | | 10X | | | 12.5X | | | | | | 20X | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Iagnification Tabl
{4}------------------------------------------------
#### DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES
Image /page/4/Picture/1 description: The image contains the text 'Public Health Service'. The text is in a simple, sans-serif font. The words are arranged on a single line, with 'Public' and 'Health' being slightly larger than 'Service'. The text is dark and contrasts with the background.
Food and Drug Administration 200 Corporate Boulevard ockville MD 20850
#### D.F. Vasconcellos S/A % Mr. Jean M. Buchwald Albee Import & Export of California 1990 NE 163rd Street, Suite 107 NORTH MIAMI BEACH FL 33162
Re: K021854
Trade/Device Name: DFV Colposcopes Regulation Number: 21 CFR 884.1630 Regulation Name: Colposcope Regulatory Class: II Product Code: 85 HEX Dated: September 4, 2002 Received: September 11, 2002
Dear Mr. Buchwald:
We have reviewed your Section 510(k) premarket notification of intent to market the device referenced above and have determined the device is substantially equivalent (for the indications for use stated in the enclosure) to legally marketed predicate devices marketed in interstate commerce prior to May 28, 1976, the enactment date of the Medical Device Amendments, or to devices that have been reclassified in accordance with the provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (Act) that do not require approval of a premarket approval application (PMA), You may, therefore, market the device, subject to the general controls provisions of the Act. The general controls provisions of the Act include requirements for annual registration, listing of devices, good manufacturing practice, labeling, and prohibitions against misbranding and adulteration.
If your device is classified (see above) into either class II (Special Controls) or class III (PMA), it may be subject to additional controls. Existing major regulations affecting your device can be found in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Parts 800 to 898. In addition, FDA may publish further announcements concerning your device in the Federal Register.
Please be advised that FDA's issuance of a substantial equivalence determination does not mean that FDA has made a determination that your device complies with other requirements of the Act or any Federal statutes and regulations administered by other Federal agencies. You must comply with all the Act's requirements, including, but not limited to: registration and listing (21 CFR Part 807); labeling (21 CFR Part 801); good manufacturing practice requirements as set forth in the quality systems (QS) regulation (21 CFR Part 820); and if applicable, the electronic product radiation control provisions (sections 531-542 of the Act); 21 CFR 1000-1050.
Image /page/4/Picture/11 description: The image shows a circular logo with the words "DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES" written around the top half of the circle. Inside the circle is a stylized image of an eagle's head with three curved lines extending from the back of the head. The logo is black and white.
{5}------------------------------------------------
This letter will allow you to begin marketing your device as described in your 510(k) premarket notification. The FDA finding of substantial equivalence of your device to a legally marketed predicate device results in a classification for your device and thus, permits your device to proceed to the market.
If you desire specific advice for your device on our labeling regulation (21 CFR Part 801), please contact the Office of Compliance at one of the following numbers, based on the regulation number at the top of this letter:
| 8xx.1xxx | (301) 594-4591 |
|----------------------------------|----------------|
| 876.2xxx, 3xxx, 4xxx, 5xxx | (301) 594-4616 |
| 884.2xxx, 3xxx, 4xxx, 5xxx, 6xxx | (301) 594-4616 |
| 892.2xxx, 3xxx, 4xxx, 5xxx | (301) 594-4654 |
| Other | (301) 594-4692 |
Additionally, for questions on the promotion and advertising of your device, please contact the Office of Compliance at (301) 594-4639. Also, please note the regulation entitled, "Misbranding by reference to premarket notification" (21 CFR Part 807.97). Other general information on your responsibilities under the Act may be obtained from the Division of Small Manufacturers, International and Consumer Assistance at its toll-free number (800) 638-2041 or (301) 443-6597 or at its Internet address http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/dsma/dsmamain.html.
Sincerely yours,
Henry C. Snigdon
Nancy C. Brogdon Director, Division of Reproductive, Abdominal, and Radiological Devices Office of Device Evaluation Center for Devices and Radiological Health
Enclosure
{6}------------------------------------------------
#### 2.g. Indications for use
510 (k) Number:
02185if
Device Name:
Colposcope
#### Indications for use:
A Colposcope is a device designed to permit viewing of the tissues of the vagina and cervix by a telescopic system located outside the vagina. A Colposcope is used to diagnose and examine abnormalities of the vagina and cervix. The patient's population for which the Colposcope is intended is any person of the feminine sex.
*Prescription Use*
David A. Wegman
(Division Sign-Off) Division of Reproductive, Abdomi and Radiological Devices 510(k) Number _
### Concurrence of CDRH, Office of Device Evaluation (ODE)
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Part 1 — Search, results, and everyday workflows 16 min
Part 2 — Embeddings: the galaxy map 3 min
1. Search: exact and fuzzy
Type a phrase like "coronary artery calcification" into the search box. You get two kinds of results. Exact results match the literal phrase — prefix searches work ("coronary artery calcificati") but suffix searches do not. Fuzzy results match on the meaning and intent of your phrase rather than the exact words, and are sorted by relevance score. Hover over the Exact or Fuzzy badge on any row to see exactly why it matched.
Use the checkboxes above the results to narrow: SaMD keeps only software-only devices, AI / ML keeps only devices with AI.
Exact vs. fuzzy search: what's the difference?
Exact matches on the literal phrase (prefix search works, suffix does not). Fuzzy matches on the meaning and intent of the phrase rather than the exact words. Hover over the badge on any row to see why it matched.
You search "coronary artery calcification" and want only software devices with AI. What two filters do you apply?
Narrow by SaMD (software-only devices), then narrow by AI/ML (devices with AI).
2. The results table
Scroll right in the results table. The intended use is extracted for you — no need to open the PDF. The device story gives a high-level snapshot of what the device does and how it's used. The AI Performance sub-table shows each output name, acceptance criteria, observed values, and development/test dataset descriptions — the same format Innolitics uses for regulatory strategy outputs, and the fastest high-level fingerprint of an AI device. It is AI-generated but has been very reliable in practice.
Where do you find a device's intended use without opening the PDF?
Scroll right in the search results table. The intended use column is extracted for you; no need to dig into the 510(k) summary PDF.
What does the AI Performance sub-table show, and why is it useful?
Output name, acceptance criteria, observed values, development dataset description, and test dataset description. It's the same format we use for regulatory strategy output and Fast 510(k) input, and the fastest high-level fingerprint of an AI device. AI-generated but reliable in practice.
3. Judging fuzzy relevance
Fuzzy results trail off in relevance as you scroll. Use three signals to decide how far down to go: the fuzzy badge explanations, the intended use column, and whether your target output (e.g., Cobb angle) still appears in the AI Performance sub-table. Once it stops appearing, you're past the relevant zone. A top hit with a low score (~0.4) and a stretched explanation is a hint the closest predicates are far away — the project may be headed for De Novo. Note the fuzzy search is a pattern match: it doesn't handle negation ("not") well, and hardware devices can appear — filter by SaMD/AI ML to cut them.
How do you judge how far down fuzzy search results to go?
Use the relevancy signals: the fuzzy badge explanations, the intended use column, and whether the target output (e.g., Cobb angle) still appears in the AI Performance sub-table. Once it stops appearing, results are trailing off in relevancy.
4. Device detail page: chat and citations
Click a device name to open its detail page: device facts on the left, a chat window on the right. Ask something like "Describe the training data". The answer carries little citation bubbles — click one to jump to the highlighted passage in the source PDF, so you can verify every AI answer against the document. There's also a Download PDF button for sharing.
How do you verify an AI chat answer on the device detail page?
Click the citation bubbles to jump to the relevant highlight in the source document.
Reading rule for every project: how many summaries do you read in full?
At least the three most relevant 510(k) or De Novo summaries, in full. After that, use targeted chat questions to confirm your memory quickly. The tool supports this professional habit — it doesn't replace it.
5. Side-by-side comparison
Select multiple rows in the results table (aim for under ~10), then open the PDF Viewer tab. Ask one question — it goes to all selected devices in parallel, each with citations. This is the fastest way to compare and contrast devices: training data, PCCP scope, how they handled adding new scanners, and so on.
What does the side-by-side PDF viewer mode do?
Select multiple devices, open the PDF viewer tab, and ask one question (e.g., "Describe the training data"). It queries all selected devices simultaneously with citations, so you can compare and contrast quickly.
6. Collections
With rows selected, go to the Collections tab and create a labeled collection (e.g., "Cobb Angle Project"). Reload that selection any time — before a client call, pull up the collection and ask questions across all of its devices at once.
How do you save a set of selected devices for later use?
Select the rows, go to the Collections tab, and create a labeled collection (e.g., "Cobb Angle Project"). You can reload the selection anytime and carry it into the PDF viewer and other tabs that support selections.
7. Product codes and the regulations tree
Click a product code in the results to jump to it in the regulations tree — identification text, sibling product codes, and devices you can open in a PDF viewer on the right. Click a regulation number to see its identification, special controls, and related product codes. You can also search by product code or regulation number at the top of the tree. Always read the special controls if any exist for your device — it broadens your search and sharpens pre-kickoff research.
What can you do from the regulations tree view?
Browse product codes and regulation numbers, read the identification text and special controls, browse sibling product codes, open device PDFs on the right, and search by product code or regulation number at the top of the tree.
8. Chart view
Click Show Chart and segment by regulation number (or product code) to see which regulations dominate your result set. Clicking a regulation takes you into the regulations tree. Great for spotting that most matches are, say, hardware laparoscopic devices — a cue to go back and filter.
How do you see which regulations dominate a search result set?
Click "Show Chart" and segment by Regulation Number. Clicking a regulation takes you to the regulations tree.
9. The predicate graph
Open the Predicates tab for a family-tree view of predicate relationships. Click a node to trace its parents and children; selections from search carry over pre-selected. Commonly predicated devices are worth reading — a lot of people predicated them for a reason. The visual lineage is also handy on client calls, e.g. to show how a predicate family evolved and justify why your predicate still holds.
In the predicate graph, why are commonly predicated devices worth reading?
A lot of people predicated them for a reason. Clicking a node traces parents and children, and selections from search carry over pre-selected.
10. Embeddings: the galaxy map
The Embeddings tab plots every matching document in a 2-D "galaxy map" where semantically similar devices cluster together. Hover or click clusters to explore, and let AI label the clusters for you. Embeddings beat product codes for grouping: two devices can carry different product codes (LLZ vs. QIH) yet do the same thing — the embedding captures the meaning of the intended use and device story. This is also exactly how retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) works under the hood, and it makes a great visual on client calls.
Try it yourself
Head to the search page and work through a few of these AI/ML fuzzy searches to build intuition: perivascular fat on CT · aortic valve calcification opportunistic screening on noncontrast CT · breast cancer prediction on digital pathology slides · autism detection · gestational age prediction · a hearing aid that can also detect a pulse · foundation model based analysis of ECG · large language models · penetration test. Watch how the relevance scores, intended use, and AI Performance tables tell you when results stop being meaningful.